Readout circuitry for continuous high-rate photon detection with arrays of InP Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes

Frechette, Jonathan; Großmann, Peter; Busacker, D.; Jordy, George; Duerr, E.K.; McIntosh, K. A.; Oakley, D.C.; Bailey, Robert J.; Ruff, Albert C.; Brattain, Michael A.; Funk, Joseph E.; MacDonald, J.; Verghese, S.

doi:10.1117/12.918131

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Afterpulsing can be mitigated by imposing a sufficiently long "hold-off" time following an avalanche event to allow detrapping of substantially all of the trapped charges prior to re-arming a GmAPD. Under typical GmAPD operating conditions (e.g., 3 V excess bias and an FPA temperature of 248 K), afterpulsing effects can be significant for hold-off times of less than ß1 μs, but hold-off times longer than this are adequate to reduce afterpulsing to inconsequential levels, as found by some of the present authors for discrete GmAPDs [17] as well as by Frechette et al for GmAPD arrays operated with asynchronous ROICs [18]. For the FPAs described in this paper, the GmAPDs are always disarmed during the 3.5 μs readout time of our framed ROIC operation, and this readout period acts as a hold-off time that mitigates any afterpulsing effects.…”

Section: Fpa Performance Attributesmentioning

confidence: 68%

Dark Count Statistics in Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Cameras for 3-D Imaging LADAR

Itzler

Krishnamachari

Entwistle

et al. 2014

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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We describe cameras incorporating focal plane arrays of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GmAPDs) that enable 3-D imaging in laser radar (LADAR) systems operating at wavelengths near 1.0 and 1.5 μm. GmAPDs based on the InGaAsP material system achieve single-photon sensitivity at every pixel of the array and are hybridized to custom CMOS ROICs providing 0.25 ns timing resolution. We present camera-level performance for photon detection efficiency and dark count rate, along with a survey of the evolution of performance for a substantial number of 32 × 32 cameras. We then describe a temporal statistical analysis of the array-level dark count behavior that distinguishes between Poissonian intrinsic dark count rate and non-Poissonian crosstalk counts. We also report the spatial analysis of crosstalk events to complement the statistical temporal analysis. Differences between cameras optimized for the two different wavelengths-1.0 and 1.5 μm-are noted, particularly with regard to crosstalk behavior.Index Terms-Single-photon, avalanche photodiode (APD), Geiger mode, laser radar (LADAR), three-dimensional (3-D) imaging, short-wave infrared (SWIR).

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Section: Fpa Performance Attributesmentioning

confidence: 68%

Dark Count Statistics in Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Cameras for 3-D Imaging LADAR

Itzler

Krishnamachari

Entwistle

et al. 2014

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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“…The ROIC stores information in local memory and waits for the trigger to indicate which data needs to be read out; only data deemed useful is transferred off-chip and the rest is discarded [14,15]. Programmable regions of interest have been implemented in several ROICs [16][17][18] to read out select portions of the ROIC, reducing the amount of data being sent off-chip. In applications that require motion detection [19] in a larger stationary scene, applying real-time temporal filtering and sending out a reference frame followed by only the difference between subsequent frames could effectively reduce the total data being sent off-chip [20,21].…”

Section: Programmability In Existing Systems and Its Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamically Reconfigurable Data Readout of Pixel Detectors for Automatic Synchronization with Data Acquisition Systems

Fahim

Bianconi

Rabinowitz

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Reconfigurable detectors with dynamically selectable sensing and readout modes are highly desirable for implementing edge computing as well as enabling advanced imaging techniques such as foveation. The concept of a camera system capable of simultaneous passive imaging and dynamic ranging in different regions of the detector is presented. Such an adaptive-autonomous detector with both spatial and temporal control requires programmable window of exposure (time frames), ability to switch between readout modes such as full-frame imaging and zero-suppressed data, modification of the number of pixel data bits and independent programmability for distinct detector regions. In this work, a method is presented for seamlessly changing time frames and readout modes without data corruption while still ensuring that the data acquisition system (DAQ) does not need to stop and resynchronize at each change of setting, thus avoiding significant dead time. Data throughput is maximized by using a minimum unique data format, rather than lengthy frame headers, to differentiate between consecutive frames. A data control and transmitter (DCT) synchronizes data transfer from the pixel to the periphery, reconfigures the data to transmit it serially off-chip, while providing optimized decision support based on a DAQ definable mode. Measurements on a test structure demonstrate that the DCT can operate at 1 GHz in a 65 nm LP CMOS process.

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“…The simplest solution consists in partitioning the array into N independent clusters of pixels, each one statically multiplexed to one of the N conversion channels. This approach has been widely exploited with different read-out mechanisms, 11,[15][16][17] although it does not ensure the maximum efficiency of the system in all possible operating conditions. If the illumination is mainly concentrated on some part of the array, for example, the converters associated to the remaining part of the circuit are not used, resulting in a loss of recorded events that could have been avoided.…”

Section: System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

High-efficiency integrated readout circuit for single photon avalanche diode arrays in fluorescence lifetime imaging

Acconcia

Cominelli

Rech

et al. 2016

Review of Scientific Instruments

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In recent years, lifetime measurements by means of the Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) technique have led to a significant breakthrough in medical and biological fields. Unfortunately, the many advantages of TCSPC-based approaches come along with the major drawback of a relatively long acquisition time. The exploitation of multiple channels in parallel could in principle mitigate this issue, and at the same time it opens the way to a multi-parameter analysis of the optical signals, e.g., as a function of wavelength or spatial coordinates. The TCSPC multichannel solutions proposed so far, though, suffer from a tradeoff between number of channels and performance, and the overall measurement speed has not been increased according to the number of channels, thus reducing the advantages of having a multichannel system. In this paper, we present a novel readout architecture for bi-dimensional, high-density Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) arrays, specifically designed to maximize the throughput of the whole system and able to guarantee an efficient use of resources. The core of the system is a routing logic that can provide a dynamic connection between a large number of SPAD detectors and a much lower number of high-performance acquisition channels. A key feature of our smart router is its ability to guarantee high efficiency under any operating condition.

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Readout circuitry for continuous high-rate photon detection with arrays of InP Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Dark Count Statistics in Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Cameras for 3-D Imaging LADAR

Dark Count Statistics in Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Cameras for 3-D Imaging LADAR

Dynamically Reconfigurable Data Readout of Pixel Detectors for Automatic Synchronization with Data Acquisition Systems

High-efficiency integrated readout circuit for single photon avalanche diode arrays in fluorescence lifetime imaging

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