Reading beyond the glance: eye tracking in neurosciences

Popa, Livia; Selejan, Ovidiu; Scott, Allan; Mureșanu, Dafin F.; Balea, Maria; Rafilă, Alexandru

doi:10.1007/s10072-015-2076-6

Cited by 52 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Eye-tracking technology is one of the most commonly used techniques for measuring oculomotor behavior and, by extension, visual attention (Popa et al 2015). This type of technology helps researchers investigate the impact of various stimuli (independent variables) on the observer's eye movements (dependent variable) (Duchowski 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Construction Workers’ Hazard Identification Skills on Their Visual Attention

Hasanzadeh

Esmaeili²,

Dodd³

2017

J. Constr. Eng. Manage.

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Eye-movement metrics have been shown to correlate with attention and, therefore, represent a means of identifying and analyzing an individual's cognitive processes. Human errors-such as failure to identify a hazard-are often attributed to a worker's lack of attention. Piecemeal attempts have been made to investigate the potential of harnessing eye movements as predictors of human error (e.g., failure to identify a hazard) in the construction industry, although more attempts have investigated human error via subjective measurements. To address this knowledge gap, the present study harnessed eye-tracking technology to evaluate the impacts of workers' hazard-identification skills on their attentional distributions and visual search strategies. To achieve this objective, an experiment was designed in which the eye movements of 31 construction workers were tracked while they searched for hazards in 35 randomly ordered construction scenario images. Workers were then divided into three groups on the basis of their hazard identification performance. Three fixation-related metrics-fixation count, dwell-time percentage, and run count-were analyzed during the eye-tracking experiment for each group (low, medium, and high hazard-identification skills) across various types of hazards. Then, multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) was used to evaluate the impact of workers' hazard-identification skills on their visual attention. To further investigate the effect of hazard identification skills on the dependent variables (eye movement metrics), two distinct processes followed: separate ANOVAs on each of the dependent variables, and a discriminant function analysis. The analyses indicated that hazard identification skills significantly impact workers' visual search strategies: workers with higher hazard-identification skills had lower dwell-time percentages on ladder-related hazards; higher fixation counts on fall-to-lower-level hazards; and higher fixation counts and run counts on fall-protection systems, struck-by, housekeeping, and all hazardous areas combined. Among the eye-movement metrics studied, fixation count had the largest standardized coefficient in all canonical discriminant functions, which implies that this eye-movement metric uniquely discriminates workers with high hazard-identification skills and at-risk workers. Because discriminant function analysis is similar to regression, discriminant function (linear combinations of eye-movement metrics) can be used to predict workers' hazard-identification capabilities. In conclusion, this study provides a proof of concept that certain eyemovement metrics are predictive indicators of human error due to attentional failure. These outcomes stemmed from a laboratory setting, and, foreseeably, safety managers in the future will be able to use these findings to identify at-risk construction workers, pinpoint required safety training, measure training effectiveness, and eventually improve future personal protective equipment to measure construction workers' situation awareness in real time.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Construction Workers’ Hazard Identification Skills on Their Visual Attention

Hasanzadeh

Esmaeili²,

Dodd³

2017

J. Constr. Eng. Manage.

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“…The mean ITR achieved by the system was 190. 73 10 and 13)). An average spelling rate of 35.79 characters per minute (cpm) was achieved by the proposed system with maximum of 39.11 cpm.…”

Section: Online Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Furthermore, eye tracking-based assistive technologies are emerging as an alternative tool to BCIs [65,66]. The development of modern camera systems and the increase of computing power has enabled the gathering of eye tracking data in real time, enabling the use of gaze as a control method for people with disabilities [67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. A comparison study of BCI, eye tracking, and electrooculography interfaces reported that participants found the BCI to be the easiest to use and eye tracking to be the least tiring [65].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hybrid Speller Design Using Eye Tracking and SSVEP Brain–Computer Interface

Mannan

Kamran

Kang

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) have been extensively utilized to develop brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) due to the advantages of robustness, large number of commands, high classification accuracies, and information transfer rates (ITRs). However, the use of several simultaneous flickering stimuli often causes high levels of user discomfort, tiredness, annoyingness, and fatigue. Here we propose to design a stimuli-responsive hybrid speller by using electroencephalography (EEG) and video-based eye-tracking to increase user comfortability levels when presented with large numbers of simultaneously flickering stimuli. Interestingly, a canonical correlation analysis (CCA)-based framework was useful to identify target frequency with a 1 s duration of flickering signal. Our proposed BCI-speller uses only six frequencies to classify forty-eight targets, thus achieve greatly increased ITR, whereas basic SSVEP BCI-spellers use an equal number of frequencies to the number of targets. Using this speller, we obtained an average classification accuracy of 90.35 ± 3.597% with an average ITR of 184.06 ± 12.761 bits per minute in a cued-spelling task and an ITR of 190.73 ± 17.849 bits per minute in a free-spelling task. Consequently, our proposed speller is superior to the other spellers in terms of targets classified, classification accuracy, and ITR, while producing less fatigue, annoyingness, tiredness and discomfort. Together, our proposed hybrid eye tracking and SSVEP BCI-based system will ultimately enable a truly high-speed communication channel.

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“…With the development of professional wearable eye tracking device, such as the mobile eye from ASL [12], the SMI eye tracking glasses [13] and the Tobii pro glasses [14], the use of visual focus for behavior observation and analysis becomes possible. In fact, efforts have been made based on the eye tracking device in different areas from psychology, engineering to neuroscience [15]- [17]. From the training of marine operation perspective, eye tracking is also the important link to situation assessment of trainees.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of visual focus into marine operation simulator for behavior observation and analysis

Homlong

Zhang

et al. 2017

OCEANS 2017 - Aberdeen

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Abstract-This paper presents a framework of visual focus integration into marine operation simulator for behavior observation and analysis. Towards an evaluation of trainees' situation awareness in simulators, the eye tracking device is considered an important facility of understanding trainees' operational proficiency and response capacity to uncertain disturbances. Taking advantages of programmability of Tobii pro glasses 2, the process flow for remote manipulation of the Tobii glasses from creating projects to start/stop recordings is implemented. Meanwhile, taking real-time interaction in the training program into consideration, live video transmission of visual focus is realized by means of multi-threading and pipeline streaming technology. Furthermore, visualization of both statistical data and sensor data according to the recording result of Tobii glasses is achieved, enabling intuitive behavior observation and further behavior analysis. A case study of heavy lifting operation is carried out, from which the integration of the eye tracking system is verified useful for the training of marine operation in simulators.Index Terms-Marine operation simulator, Eye tracking, Tobii pro glasses 2, Live video stream.

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Reading beyond the glance: eye tracking in neurosciences

Cited by 52 publications

References 29 publications

Impact of Construction Workers’ Hazard Identification Skills on Their Visual Attention

Impact of Construction Workers’ Hazard Identification Skills on Their Visual Attention

A Hybrid Speller Design Using Eye Tracking and SSVEP Brain–Computer Interface

Integration of visual focus into marine operation simulator for behavior observation and analysis

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