Readiness Level of Sodium‐Ion Battery Technology: A Materials Review

Chen, Lin; Fiore, Michele; Wang, Ji Eun; Ruffο, Riccardo; Kim, Do Kyung; Longoni, Gianluca

doi:10.1002/adsu.201700153

Cited by 146 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 334 publications

(866 reference statements)

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“…Mn-based cathodes often suffer from large polarization or poor electrochemical activity. [9,138] Several reasons related to structural reorganization are proposed, including slow phase boundary mobility, low electronic conductivity, large lattice mismatch, large volume strain, strong Jahn-Teller distortion, and so on. [9,139] Like Fe-based polyanionic-type cathode materials, Mn-based polyanionic-type cathode can be classified into Mn-based phosphates/fluorophosphates, pyrophosphates, sulfates, silicates, and mixed iron multivalent anion materials.…”

Section: Iron/manganese-based Polyanionic-type Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Abundance and Low‐Cost Metal‐Based Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Problems, Progress, and Key Technologies

Chen

Liu

Wang

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

209

149

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Recently, room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have received extensive investigations for large-scale energy storage systems (EESs) and smart grids due to the huge natural abundance and low cost of sodium. The SIBs share a similar "rocking-chair" sodium storage mechanism with lithium-ion batteries; thus, selecting appropriate electrodes with a low cost, satisfactory electrochemical performance, and high reliability is the key point for the development for SIBs. On the other hand, the carefully chosen elements in the electrodes also largely determine the cost of SIBs. Therefore, earth-abundantmetal-based compounds are ideal candidates for reducing the cost of electrodes. Among all the high-abundance and low-cost metal elements, cathodes containing iron and/or manganese are the most representative ones that have attracted numerous studies up till now. Herein, recent advances on both ironand manganese-based cathodes of various types, such as polyanionic, layered oxide, MXene, and spinel, are highlighted. The structure-function property for the iron-and manganese-based compounds is summarized and analyzed in detail. With the participation of iron and manganese in sodium-based cathode materials, real applications of room-temperature SIBs in large-scale EESs will be greatly promoted and accelerated in the near future.

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Section: Iron/manganese-based Polyanionic-type Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Abundance and Low‐Cost Metal‐Based Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Problems, Progress, and Key Technologies

Chen

Liu

Wang

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

209

149

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“…By storing and using clean energy, greenhouse emissions and environmental pollution can be effectively reduced. In this regard, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) possess the merits of low cost and abundance . The sluggish kinetics of sodium ion diffusion caused by the large sodium ionic radius, however, results in poor cycling stability, and low rate performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrathin 2D TiS₂ Nanosheets for High Capacity and Long‐Life Sodium Ion Batteries

Tai

Liu

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

108

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greenhouse emissions and environmental pollution can be effectively reduced. In this regard, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) possess the merits of low cost and abundance. [1,2] The sluggish kinetics of sodium ion diffusion caused by the large sodium ionic radius, however, results in poor cycling stability, and low rate performance. Fully understanding the structural evolution during electrochemical reactions and achieving the corresponding improvements in the crystal structure and morphology design are urgently required to promote the development of SIBs. [3] Recent research progress has involved a considerable emphasis on constructing nanostructures with high surface area to take advantages of impressive nanochemistry, including ultrathin layered materials. The discovery of graphene has a spillover effect, leading to unprecedented research on single-layer and few-layer 2D materials. [4] The evergrowing family of 2D crystals offers versatile benefits owing to their unique physical and chemical properties in terms of diversity of applications, such as rechargeable batteries, catalysts, membranes, conductive or inert coatings, etc. [5][6][7] 2D materials in particular have been treated as a robust host for sodium storage. [8] By downsizing from the bulk to a few atomic layers, both physical and chemical properties have shown outstanding improvements. [9][10][11] Different methods, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth, [12] chemical-assisted exfoliation, [13][14][15] and direct exfoliation, [16] have shown their application in preparation of few-layer 2D materials. Among them, shear exfoliation is driven by the high shear rate generated by a highspeed rotator, [17] and can even be achieved by using a kitchen blender. [18] This facile and low-cost method is easy to use for scaling up in industrial production line.Transition metal dichalcogenides have been widely investigated in battery systems, due to their tunable interlayer space, fast ion transportation, and robust kinetics. [19] Among them, TiS 2 is a promising electrode material due to its low cost, facile synthesis, and high specific discharge capacity of 479 mAh g −1 (calculated based on the two-electron reaction, 1C = 479 mA g −1 ). [20] Recently, TiS 2 has been reported as good electrode materials for lithium ion batteries, [21] potassium ion batteries, [22,23] magnesium ion batteries, [24,25] and calcium ion batteries. [25] The ever-growing interests for TiS 2 in energy storage and conversion system also promotes the research in SIBs. Ryu et al. used TiS 2 powder purchased from Sigma-Aldrich as the electrode material for SIBs. [26] The discharge Sodium ion batteries are now attracting great attention, mainly because of the abundance of sodium resources and their cheap raw materials. 2D materials possess a unique structure for sodium storage. Among them, transition metal chalcogenides exhibit significant potential for rechargeable battery devices due to their tunable composition, remarkable structural stability, fast ion transport, and robust kinetic...

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“…[3][4][5] Therefore, sodium has been considered appropriate for large-scale EESs as an alternative to lithium. [3][4][5] Therefore, sodium has been considered appropriate for large-scale EESs as an alternative to lithium.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Stability of an RT‐NaS Battery via In Situ Electrochemical Formation of Protective SEI on a Sulfur–Carbon Composite Cathode

Lee

Eom

2018

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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lower than that of lithium. [3][4][5] Therefore, sodium has been considered appropriate for large-scale EESs as an alternative to lithium. Among the EESs using sodium, the high temperature sodium-sulfur battery (HT-NaS battery) is best known and operates at 300-350 °C with a molten electrode and a ß″-alumina solid electrolyte. At present, this technology is commercialized for stationary-energy-storage systems because of its reasonable energy density and cost. [6] However, the HT-NaS battery has limited capacity, with one third of the theoretical capacity due to solid phase products (Na 2 S 2 ) with a high melting point (T m = 470 °C) formed during the discharge process. [7] Additionally, the high-temperature operation results in safety, cost, and efficiency concerns. [8,9] In recent years, a room-temperature sodium sulfur battery (RT-NaS battery) that uses liquid organic electrolytes has attracted great interest due to the abundance of sulfur, low operating temperature, and high theoretical capacity (1672 mAh g −1 ). [9,10] However, RT-NaS still faces critical obstacles to practical use, such as the low electrical conductivity of sulfur, large volume expansion (≈170%), loss of active materials, etc. Among these concerns, the most critical problem is dissolution of sodium polysulfides into the electrolyte during electrochemical reactions. In particular, the high-ordered polysulfides (NaS x , 4 < x ≤ 8) move back and forth between the electrodes (known as the shuttle effect) and undergo unwanted redox reactions at the sodium metal surface. [9] This effect leads to high irreversible capacity, rapid capacity decay, and low Coulombic efficiency. [9][10][11][12] To prevent the shuttle effect, several research studies have reported various attempts: (i) encapsulation with/infiltration into porous carbon, [13] (ii) coating of the cathode with conductive polymers, [14] (iii) formation of multiple metal oxides, [15] and (iv) development of a membrane to impede polysulfide diffusion to the anode. [16,17] Most of these approaches have shown improved stability in RT-NaS. However, the additional treatment of the material and the complex process result in high cost, and the impediment to practical use remains. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new and facile surface-treatment method to protect the sulfur-based electrode from polysulfide dissolution in RT-NaS.The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a passive film that is formed mostly on the anode surface during batteryThe ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.201800076. RT-NaS BatteriesCurrently, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the predominant electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems from small-portable electronic devices to electric vehicles (EVs) due to the higher energy density than other technologies. However, the lithium is relatively expensive and a finite resource hence the exploration of new batteries with other sources is necessary. [1][2][3] Specifically, sodium has ch...

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Readiness Level of Sodium‐Ion Battery Technology: A Materials Review

Cited by 146 publications

References 334 publications

High‐Abundance and Low‐Cost Metal‐Based Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Problems, Progress, and Key Technologies

High‐Abundance and Low‐Cost Metal‐Based Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Problems, Progress, and Key Technologies

Ultrathin 2D TiS₂ Nanosheets for High Capacity and Long‐Life Sodium Ion Batteries

Improving the Stability of an RT‐NaS Battery via In Situ Electrochemical Formation of Protective SEI on a Sulfur–Carbon Composite Cathode

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Readiness Level of Sodium‐Ion Battery Technology: A Materials Review

Cited by 146 publications

References 334 publications

High‐Abundance and Low‐Cost Metal‐Based Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Problems, Progress, and Key Technologies

High‐Abundance and Low‐Cost Metal‐Based Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Problems, Progress, and Key Technologies

Ultrathin 2D TiS2 Nanosheets for High Capacity and Long‐Life Sodium Ion Batteries

Improving the Stability of an RT‐NaS Battery via In Situ Electrochemical Formation of Protective SEI on a Sulfur–Carbon Composite Cathode

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Ultrathin 2D TiS₂ Nanosheets for High Capacity and Long‐Life Sodium Ion Batteries