lower than that of lithium. [3][4][5] Therefore, sodium has been considered appropriate for large-scale EESs as an alternative to lithium. Among the EESs using sodium, the high temperature sodium-sulfur battery (HT-NaS battery) is best known and operates at 300-350 °C with a molten electrode and a ß″-alumina solid electrolyte. At present, this technology is commercialized for stationary-energy-storage systems because of its reasonable energy density and cost. [6] However, the HT-NaS battery has limited capacity, with one third of the theoretical capacity due to solid phase products (Na 2 S 2 ) with a high melting point (T m = 470 °C) formed during the discharge process. [7] Additionally, the high-temperature operation results in safety, cost, and efficiency concerns. [8,9] In recent years, a room-temperature sodium sulfur battery (RT-NaS battery) that uses liquid organic electrolytes has attracted great interest due to the abundance of sulfur, low operating temperature, and high theoretical capacity (1672 mAh g −1 ). [9,10] However, RT-NaS still faces critical obstacles to practical use, such as the low electrical conductivity of sulfur, large volume expansion (≈170%), loss of active materials, etc. Among these concerns, the most critical problem is dissolution of sodium polysulfides into the electrolyte during electrochemical reactions. In particular, the high-ordered polysulfides (NaS x , 4 < x ≤ 8) move back and forth between the electrodes (known as the shuttle effect) and undergo unwanted redox reactions at the sodium metal surface. [9] This effect leads to high irreversible capacity, rapid capacity decay, and low Coulombic efficiency. [9][10][11][12] To prevent the shuttle effect, several research studies have reported various attempts: (i) encapsulation with/infiltration into porous carbon, [13] (ii) coating of the cathode with conductive polymers, [14] (iii) formation of multiple metal oxides, [15] and (iv) development of a membrane to impede polysulfide diffusion to the anode. [16,17] Most of these approaches have shown improved stability in RT-NaS. However, the additional treatment of the material and the complex process result in high cost, and the impediment to practical use remains. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new and facile surface-treatment method to protect the sulfur-based electrode from polysulfide dissolution in RT-NaS.The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a passive film that is formed mostly on the anode surface during batteryThe ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.201800076. RT-NaS BatteriesCurrently, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the predominant electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems from small-portable electronic devices to electric vehicles (EVs) due to the higher energy density than other technologies. However, the lithium is relatively expensive and a finite resource hence the exploration of new batteries with other sources is necessary. [1][2][3] Specifically, sodium has ch...
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