Reactive power support in residential LV distribution grids through electric vehicle charging

Leemput, Niels; Geth, Frederik; Roy, Juan Van; Büscher, J.; Driesen, Johan

doi:10.1016/j.segan.2015.05.002

Cited by 69 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Low voltage distribution grids typically have the X/R ratio between 0.2 and 2 [23] meaning that the reactive power contribution to voltage variations should not be ignored. For comparison, [26] reports typical X/R ratio to be between 6 and 9 for high voltage grids.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig. 2(a) presents the constant power factor concept which has widely been investigated for PVs and somewhat for the EVs [23], whereas Fig. 2(b) presents the proposed enhanced voltage support with a dynamical reactive power set point.…”

Section: Voltage Enhanced Ev Reactive Power Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decentralized approach, more precisely, autonomous reactive power control based on droop control has been investigated in [20][21][22], but only in the case of a balanced system. The reactive power support in an unbalanced network has been investigated in [23]. Despite showing that capacitive load behavior in EV chargers has beneficial impact on the voltage, this approach assumes a fixed power factor for all vehicles regardless of the their connection phase which may not be good enough for high EV penetration rates in case of highly unbalanced networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phase-wise enhanced voltage support from electric vehicles in a Danish low-voltage distribution grid

Knezović

Marinelli

2016

Electric Power Systems Research

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a b s t r a c tHigh deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) imposes great challenges for the distribution grids, especially in unbalanced systems with notable voltage variations which detrimentally affect security of supply. On the other hand, with development of Vehicle-to-Grid technology, EVs may be able to provide numerous services for grid support, e.g., voltage control. Implemented electronic equipment will allow them to exchange reactive power for autonomous voltage support without communicating with the distribution system operator or influencing the available active power for primary transportation function. This paper proposes a voltage dependent EV reactive power control and quantifies its impact on a real Danish low-voltage grid. The observed network is a heavily unbalanced three-phase four-wire grid modeled in Matlab SimPowerSystems based on real hourly measurement data. Simulations are performed in order to evaluate phase-to-neutral voltage support benefits as well as to address neutral-to-ground values, active power losses and the unbalances at the same time. The analysis shows that reactive power support both raises minimum phase-to-neutral voltage magnitudes and improves voltage dispersion while the energy losses are not notably increased. Further on, since the control is voltage dependent, provided reactive power is unequal among the phases leading to greater support on heavily loaded phases and decreased unbalances caused by residential consumption. Hence, implementation of such a phase-wise enhanced voltage support could defer the need for grid reinforcement in case of large EV penetration rates, especially in highly unbalanced networks.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Voltage Enhanced Ev Reactive Power Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phase-wise enhanced voltage support from electric vehicles in a Danish low-voltage distribution grid

Knezović

Marinelli

2016

Electric Power Systems Research

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“…Wu et al [38] examined the potential of a proper selection of current phase angle by EV charger in order to compensate capacitive and inductive reactive power. Leemput et al [39] discussed the impact of the reactive support by EVs charging in a low-voltage residential distribution network. In [40], a methodology is proposed to deal with active and reactive management of a distribution network with EVs to improve the voltage profile while a minimum operation cost is achieved.…”

Section: Non-spinning Reservementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yes [26,[38][39][40] introduce 1 million EVs and 1 million heat pumps to reduce the excess of energy by 30% from a hypothetical scenario of 30 GW of solar capacity in the area. Overall, the literature examines the extent of renewables integration, namely wind and PV energy, which EVs can accommodate in the power system in order to reduce CO 2 emissions.…”

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric vehicle fleet management in smart grids: A review of services, optimization and control aspects

Hu¹,

Morais²,

Sousa

et al. 2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

357

197

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a b s t r a c tElectric vehicles can become integral parts of a smart grid, since they are capable of providing valuable services to power systems other than just consuming power. On the transmission system level, electric vehicles are regarded as an important means of balancing the intermittent renewable energy resources such as wind power. This is because electric vehicles can be used to absorb the energy during the period of high electricity penetration and feed the electricity back into the grid when the demand is high or in situations of insufficient electricity generation. However, on the distribution system level, the extra loads created by the increasing number of electric vehicles may have adverse impacts on grid. These factors bring new challenges to the power system operators. To coordinate the interests and solve the conflicts, electric vehicle fleet operators are proposed both by academics and industries. This paper presents a review and classification of methods for smart charging (including power to vehicle and vehicle-to-grid) of electric vehicles for fleet operators. The study firstly presents service relationships between fleet operators and other four actors in smart grids; then, modeling of battery dynamics and driving patterns of electric vehicles, charging and communications standards are introduced; after that, three control strategies and their commonly used algorithms are described; finally, conclusion and recommendations are made.

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Increasing electric vehicle hosting capacity and equality for fast charging stations using residential photovoltaics in medium‐ and low‐voltage distribution networks

Sugihara

Funaki

2019

IEEJ Transactions Elec Engng

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To achieve broad installation of electric vehicles (EVs), it is important to deploy fast EV charging stations at many points without distribution network reinforcement. This study develops a methodology for evaluating the hosting capacity for fast EV charging loads under medium-and low-voltage (MV and LV) distribution networks with bus-voltage and line-current constraints; hence, the promising combination of fast EV charging and rooftop photovoltaic (PV) generation in distribution networks is analyzed. In particular, on a sunny day, the active power output supplied by rooftop PVs can be used to mitigate the voltage drop problem for end-use residential customers. On a cloudy day, even though the active power output is smaller, the residual inverter capacities of rooftop PVs can be used to generate reactive power from those systems. In addition, in order to evaluate the spatial equalization of the EV hosting capacity at fast charging stations, an equalization factor of the spatial distribution is proposed, which is obtained as a percentage of the EV hosting capacity in the equally maximized case over that in the simply maximized case. The equalization factor can be improved from approximately 33 to 70% using the active and reactive power outputs from residential rooftop PVs.

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Reactive power support in residential LV distribution grids through electric vehicle charging

Cited by 69 publications

References 30 publications

Phase-wise enhanced voltage support from electric vehicles in a Danish low-voltage distribution grid

Phase-wise enhanced voltage support from electric vehicles in a Danish low-voltage distribution grid

Electric vehicle fleet management in smart grids: A review of services, optimization and control aspects

Increasing electric vehicle hosting capacity and equality for fast charging stations using residential photovoltaics in medium‐ and low‐voltage distribution networks

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