Reactive Power Markets: A Review

Wolgast, Thomas; Ferenz, Stephan; Niese, Astrid

doi:10.1109/access.2022.3141235

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The information of the cost structure of the FOR can be used by the TSO for an economical specification of the required flexibilities at the vertical system interconnection to the DSO system within a local DSO and global TSO flexibility market [9], [14], [37]- [39]. RS as well as OPF-based aggregation methods are compared with each other in literature (see [9], [14]) for the determination of the cost structure of the FOR.…”

Section: State Of the Art Of For Monetarizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This article continues research concerning an application of stochastic and metaheuristic aggregation methods in sampling the FOR at the TSO/DSO system interface using the PSO. The focus is on the determination of the FOR cost structure within a local DSO and global TSO flexibility market using metadata generated by the PSO [18], [37], [41]. The main contribution is the consideration of multiple FPUs that are aggregated by the Minkowski sum at a single bus with individual active and reactive power cost bids.…”

Section: State Of the Art Of For Monetarizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The monetarization of the FOR is based on the principles of a local DSO and global TSO flexibility market [39], [58]. Within the local market the DSO has access to the flexibility potentials within the distribution system [37], [39], [58], [59].…”

Section: Monetarization Of the For Based On A Cost-optimal Flexibilit...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monetarization of the Feasible Operation Region of Active Distribution Grids Based on a Cost-Optimal Flexibility Disaggregation

Sarstedt

Hofmann²

2022

IEEE Access

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Hierarchical grid control strategies are an appropriate design concept for the coordination of future transmission system operator (TSO) and distribution system operator (DSO) interactions. Hierarchical approaches are based on the aggregation of decentralized ancillary service potentials, represented by converter-coupled, communicable active and reactive power flexibility providing units (FPU, e.g. wind turbines) at vertical TSO/DSO system interfaces. The resulting PQ-polygon made available by the DSO for a potential request of ancillary service flexibilities by the TSO is called feasible operation region (FOR). A monetarization of the FOR is necessary for the implementation as operational degree of freedom within TSO grid control. In the context of a local DSO and global TSO market, this article presents an approach for the monetarization of the FOR by a cost structure using metadata from population based aggregation methods. At the local DSO market free bids for the active and reactive power flexibilities by the FPUs stakeholders are assumed. Within the aggregation method multiple FPU flexibility polygons at a single bus are aggregated for a reduction of the search space dimensions. Thereby, the main contribution of the proposed method is the cost-optimal disaggregation of a flexibility demand to the single FPUs within the aggregated FPU by a mixed integer linear program. The approach can be simply adapted for the coordination of DSO/DSO-interactions regarding hierarchical multi-level grid control strategies.

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Section: State Of the Art Of For Monetarizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: State Of the Art Of For Monetarizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monetarization of the Feasible Operation Region of Active Distribution Grids Based on a Cost-Optimal Flexibility Disaggregation

Sarstedt

Hofmann²

2022

IEEE Access

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“…with a STATCOM) are expected to contribute in ancillary services as they are able to adjust their active and reactive power fast and almost independently from other wind or PV units. Voltage control could benefit from this support [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Game-Theoretic Approach for the Effective Distributed Coordination of STATCOMs

Contreras¹,

Triviño-Cabrera²,

Aguado³

2023

IEEE Access

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The increasing integration of utility-scale wind/photovoltaic farms in transmission networks is posing new technological challenges that must be faced to ensure grid stability. Voltage control is one of the issues that must be tackled. Making use of the available voltage controllers in the grid, it is possible to design sophisticated and robust coordination algorithms for a more efficient performance. The intention of this work is to show the feasibility of applying non-cooperative game-theory to distributed voltage compensator controls in AC transmission networks, in which no evident efforts can be found in the related literature. In contrast to previous works, we define sets of STATCOMs that participate in the game without any centralized entity. The identification of sets is based on sensitivity coefficients, which model the impact that the variation of the setpoint on an element has on other nodes. With the use of sets, the approach is more robust and scalable. Another relevant advantage of the proposal is the use of minimum and non-sensitive data exchange, with which the local controllers reach the optimal solution with an iterative procedure in a fast way. The effectiveness of the proposal is evaluated for the IEEE 14-bus test system with three STATCOM units. Each STATCOM may be associated to a PV or a wind large-scale farm. The simulation output reveals that the proposed algorithm is close to the solution provided by a centralised control. When compared with consensus-based algorithms, our proposal converges faster and thus it proves the feasibility.

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“…The challenge of procuring alternative reactive power sources via converter connected sources, and the required market mechanisms, to support the changing grid structure has been addressed by researchers as well as network operators over the last few years [4], [5]. For example, in 2021, the Danish energy agency has introduced reactive power ancillary services procured from wind power plants [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive Power Support from Converter Connected Renewables in Active Distribution Network

Baviskar

Hansen

Das

2022

2022 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG)

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Network operators have been increasingly concerned with procuring reactive power sources as more synchronous generators are planned to be decommissioned and number of distributed generation is on the rise. Reactive power is necessary in the evolving grid with distributed generation to support the additional power flow and avoid expensive grid reinforcements. Converter connected renewable generators can be a solution both to provide the much needed reactive power support in distribution grids and the voltage regulation support to the transmission network via altering the reactive power feed-in. This research explores the reactive power capabilities of a mutlivoltage active distribution network. A semidefinite programming based optimal power flow is implemented to find the maximum reactive power support from converter connected generation having two different objectives, namely loss minimization in the distribution network and following a reactive power reference from the transmission network. Changes in voltage profiles in correlation to altering reactive power flow in the distribution network is also analyzed.

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Reactive Power Markets: A Review

Cited by 28 publications

References 84 publications

Monetarization of the Feasible Operation Region of Active Distribution Grids Based on a Cost-Optimal Flexibility Disaggregation

Monetarization of the Feasible Operation Region of Active Distribution Grids Based on a Cost-Optimal Flexibility Disaggregation

A Game-Theoretic Approach for the Effective Distributed Coordination of STATCOMs

Reactive Power Support from Converter Connected Renewables in Active Distribution Network

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