Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Responsive Nanomedicine for Solving Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Abstract

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a severe condition for most organs, which could occur in various tissues including brain, heart, liver, and kidney, etc. As one of the major hazards, reactive oxygen species (ROS) is excessively generated after IRI, which causes severe damage inside tissues and further induces the following injury via inflammatory response. However, current medical strategies could not thoroughly diagnose and prevent this disease, eventually leading to severe sequelae by missing the best time point for therapy. In the past decade, various nanoparticles that could selectively respond to ROS have been developed and applied in IRI. These advanced nanomedicines have shown efficient performance in detecting and treating a series of IRI (e.g., acute kidney injury, acute liver injury, and ischemic stroke, etc.), which are well-summarized in the current review. In addition, the nano-platforms (e.g., anti-IL-6 antibody, rapamycin, and hydrogen sulfide delivering nanoparticles, etc.) for preventing IRI during organ transplantation have also been included. Moreover, the development and challenges of ROS-responsive nanomedicine are systematically discussed for guiding the future direction.

Natural Antioxidants Improve the Vulnerability of Cardiomyocytes and Vascular Endothelial Cells under Stress Conditions: A Focus on Mitochondrial Quality Control

“…When mitochondrial dysfunction occurs, the defence mechanism of the mitochondrial antioxidant system is also affected. ROS production exceeds the scavenging capacity of the mitochondrial antioxidant system, which results in oxidative stress damage [ 106 ]. The explosive increase in ROS may be caused by respiratory chain decoupling.…”

The Feasibility of Antioxidants Avoiding Oxidative Damages from Reactive Oxygen Species in Cryopreservation

“…Cellular antioxidants, such as glutathione and thioredoxin, can resist ROS by participating the reduction process when the concentration of ROS is low (Yang et al, 2018;Alhayaza et al, 2020). However, the large amount of ROS produced during cryopreservation can cause the oxidation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (Chen and Li, 2020). These may cause irreversible damages to cells and even lead to apoptosis (Len et al, 2019).…”

Neuroprotective effect of roflumilast under cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury in juvenile rats through NLRP‐mediated inflammatory response inhibition

“…Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is one of the causes of brain damage. With the occurrence of ischemia, when physiopathological conditions arise as a result of the inability to provide sustenance to the brain tissue, oxidative stress develops as a result of the restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas through physiological and iatrogenic methods 11 . The increased amount of oxygen causes an excessive amount of free oxygen radicals in tissues adapted to hypoxia, leading to additional reperfusion injuries at the site of ischemic damage 12–14 .…”