Reactivation of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) in asymptomatic surviving goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) under immunosuppression

Wei, Chang; Kakazu, Taichi; Chuah, Qiu Yuan; Tanaka, Mikio; Kato, Go; Sano, Motohiko

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.020

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Infected fish also exhibit internal lesions and pale and swollen kidney and spleen (extensively reviewed elsewhere [ 30 ]). CyHV-2 may also establish persistent infections [ 33 ], which may re-emerge in response to stress, for example changes in water temperature or transportation processes [ 30 ], and during periods of immunosuppression [ 34 ]. While horizontal transmission may be the dominant mode of CyHV-2 between fish, evidence indicates that vertical transmission (from parents to offspring) may also occur [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Imaging Sheds Light on the Susceptibility and Permissivity of Carassius auratus to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 According to Developmental Stage

Sridhar

Streiff

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a virus that causes mass mortality in economically important Carassius spp. However, there have been no comprehensive studies into host susceptibility or permissivity with respect to developmental stage, and the major portal of viral entry into the host is still unclear. To help bridge these knowledge gaps, we developed the first ever recombinant strain of CyHV-2 expressing bioluminescent and fluorescent reporter genes. Infection of Carassius auratus hosts with this recombinant by immersion facilitated the exploitation of various in vivo imaging techniques to establish the spatiotemporal aspects of CyHV-2 replication at larval, juvenile, and adult developmental stages. While less susceptible than later developmental stages, larvae were most permissive to CyHV-2 replication, leading to rapid systemic infection and high mortality. Permissivity to CyHV-2 decreased with advancing development, with adults being the least permissive and, thus, also exhibiting the least mortality. Across all developmental stages, the skin was the most susceptible and permissive organ to infection at the earliest sampling points post-infection, indicating that it represents the major portal of entry into these hosts. Collectively these findings provide important fundamental insights into CyHV-2 pathogenesis and epidemiology in Carassius auratus with high relevance to other related economically important virus-host models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Imaging Sheds Light on the Susceptibility and Permissivity of Carassius auratus to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 According to Developmental Stage

Sridhar

Streiff

et al. 2023

Viruses

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“…For instance, cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), a highly contagious pathogen of goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) and Prussian carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio ), establishes persistent infection in goldfish monocytes/macrophages. Dexamethasone could induce the persistent CyHV-2 to replicate via effectively suppressed monocyte/macrophage function and antibody production(44). The mechanism of dexamethasone-induced reactivation of covert MRV remained unclear and would be investigated in future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral B Lymphocyte Serves as A Reservoir for The Persistently Covert Infection of MandarinfishSiniperca chuatsiRanavirus

Zhang,

Gong,

Sun

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Genus Ranavirus in family Iridoviridae is composed of large members with various genomic sizes and viral gene contents, infecting a variety of ectothermic vertebrates including reptile, amphibians and bony fish worldwide. Mandarinfish ranavirus (MRV) is a very distinctive member among genus Ranavirus. Persistently covert infection of MRV were previously observed in natural outbreak of MRV, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We here evidenced that mandarinfish peripheral B lymphocytes are implemented as viral reservoirs to maintain persistent and covert infection. When mandarinfish were infected with sublethal dosage of MRV under nonpermissive temperature (19 ºC) and permissive temperature (26 ºC), respectively, all fish in 19 ºC group survived and entered persistent phase of infection characterized with very low viral load in white blood cell, whereas partial fish died of MRV infection in 26 ºC group, and the survivals then initiated persistent status. Gradually raising temperature, vaccination and dexamethasone treatment can reactivate the quiescent MRV to replicate and result in partial mortality. The viral reservoir investigates showed that IgM+-labelled B lymphocytes but not CD3Δ+-labelled T lymphocytes and MRC-1+-labelled macrophages are target cells for the persistent infection of MRV. Moreover, the quiescent MRV could not be reactivated by heat-killed Escherichia coli, indicating a very different reactivation mechanism from that of other known rannaviral member. Collectively, we are the first to confirm the presence of B cell-dependent persistent and covert infection of ranavirus, and provide a new clue for better understanding the complex infection mechanism of vertebrate iridovirus, especially regarding ranavirus.

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“…Field investigation also showed a positive correlation of CyHV-2 copies with serum cortisol contents. Given the latent infection, stress or immunosuppression treatment could reactivate CyHV-2 and result in increased morbidity and mortality ( 35 , 62 ). These findings imply that stress is a relevant risk factor for the outbreak of CyHV-2, which provides a potential approach to prevent the occurrence of CyHV-2 by coping with stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic stress boosts systemic inflammation and compromises antiviral innate immunity in Carassius gibel

Dai

Zheng²,

Lin³

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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It is generally considered that stress causes decreased immune function and render fish vulnerable to infection and diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms between stress responses and susceptibility to infections, especially viral diseases, in fish remain unknown. Understanding and monitoring the biological consequences and mechanisms underlying stress responses in fish may contribute to the improvement of animal welfare and production efficiency. In this study, long-term exposure to a variety of stressors, including chasing, overcrowding, restraint stress, and air exposure mimicking chronic stresses, in aquaculture practices was conducted in Carassius gibel to investigate the consequences of chronic stress on inflammation and antiviral capability. With the continuation of stimulation, experimental fish gradually became insensitive to the stress of net chasing and feeding with the accompaniment of upregulated gene expressed in the HPI axis and elevated levels of stress hormones. As expected, stress-induced hyperglycaemia with a decrease in the insulin signaling pathway and altered gene expression in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, suggesting the disturbance of glycometabolism. Importantly, a link between intestinal homoeostasis and systemic low-grade inflammation in stressed C. gibel was observed, implying crosstalk among the brain, intestine, and other organs. Furthermore, the compromised antiviral capability with impaired antiviral innate immunity in stressed fish was confirmed by RNA sequencing and infection with Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), promoting the understanding of enhanced susceptibility to viral infection in stressed fish.

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Reactivation of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) in asymptomatic surviving goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) under immunosuppression

Cited by 11 publications

References 51 publications

In Vivo Imaging Sheds Light on the Susceptibility and Permissivity of Carassius auratus to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 According to Developmental Stage

In Vivo Imaging Sheds Light on the Susceptibility and Permissivity of Carassius auratus to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 According to Developmental Stage

Peripheral B Lymphocyte Serves as A Reservoir for The Persistently Covert Infection of MandarinfishSiniperca chuatsiRanavirus

Chronic stress boosts systemic inflammation and compromises antiviral innate immunity in Carassius gibel

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