Reactions of Monkeys to Experimentally Induced Influenza Virus a Infection

Saslaw, Samuel; Wilson, Henry E.; Doan, Charles A.; Woolpert, Oram C.; Schwab, J. L.

doi:10.1084/jem.84.2.113

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Nonhuman primates are susceptible to infection with a number of unadapted human influenza A isolates, including viruses of the H1N1 (including pre-2009 seasonal [39,187–192] and 2009 swine-origin pandemic [39] strains, as well as the reconstructed 1918 pandemic virus [191,193]), H3N2 [194], and H5N1 [188,193,195–199] subtypes.…”

Section: Animal Models Of Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Animal Models for Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission

Bouvier

Lowen

2010

Viruses

319

361

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Abstract:Influenza virus infection of humans results in a respiratory disease that ranges in severity from sub-clinical infection to primary viral pneumonia that can result in death. The clinical effects of infection vary with the exposure history, age and immune status of the host, and also the virulence of the influenza strain. In humans, the virus is transmitted through either aerosol or contact-based transfer of infectious respiratory secretions. As is evidenced by most zoonotic influenza virus infections, not all strains that can infect humans are able to transmit from person-to-person. Animal models of influenza are essential to research efforts aimed at understanding the viral and host factors that contribute to the disease and transmission outcomes of influenza virus infection in humans. These models furthermore allow the pre-clinical testing of antiviral drugs and vaccines aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality in the population through amelioration of the virulence or transmissibility of influenza viruses. Mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, cotton rats, hamsters and macaques have all been used to study influenza viruses and therapeutics targeting them. Each model presents unique advantages and disadvantages, which will be discussed herein.

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Section: Animal Models Of Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Symptoms persisted for two days, after which the animals returned to baseline. In these animals too, neutropenia with reciprocal lymphocytosis was seen [192]. …”

Section: Animal Models Of Influenzamentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission

Bouvier

Lowen

2010

Viruses

319

361

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“…Historically, macaque models of influenza virus infection have been studied since the 1940s using rhesus monkeys [18,19], but cynomolgus macaques have been used more often than rhesus macaques. The HPAIV infection model is not exceptional.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Macaques with a Wild Water Bird-Derived Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1)

et al. 2013

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) continues to threaten human health. Non-human primate infection models of human influenza are desired. To establish an animal infection model with more natural transmission and to determine the pathogenicity of HPAIV isolated from a wild water bird in primates, we administered a Japanese isolate of HPAIV (A/whooper swan/Hokkaido/1/2008, H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1) to rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, in droplet form, via the intratracheal route. Infection of the lower and upper respiratory tracts and viral shedding were observed in both macaques. Inoculation of rhesus monkeys with higher doses of the isolate resulted in stronger clinical symptoms of influenza. Our results demonstrate that HPAIV isolated from a water bird in Japan is pathogenic in monkeys by experimental inoculation, and provide a new method for HPAIV infection of non-human primate hosts, a good animal model for investigation of HPAIV pathogenicity.

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“…In the first experiment, four monkeys given virus IN displayed no visible signs of illness, while two of four injected IT became listless and developed injected conjunctiva, but no visible signs of respiratory infection (Saslaw et al, 1946). In an attempt to increase the macaques’ sensitivity to influenza, the researchers held some in a room chilled to 4–6°C, then challenged them with virus.…”

Section: Experimental Infections Of Nhps With Human Influenza VImentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When some macaques were infected simultaneously with the H7N7 virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae , no significant worsening of illness was observed, but vaccinated animals showed less bacterial replication in the lungs. Combined IN and conjunctival inoculation were employed in all these experiments; based on earlier findings, the use of IN instead of IT challenge may have lessened the severity of disease (Saslaw et al, 1946). …”

Section: Studies Of Avian Influenza In Nhpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of nonhuman primates in research on seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza, 1893–2014

2015

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Attempts to reproduce the features of human influenza in laboratory animals date from the early 1890s, when Richard Pfeiffer inoculated apes with bacteria recovered from influenza patients and produced a mild respiratory illness. Numerous studies employing nonhuman primates (NHPs) were performed during the 1918 pandemic and the following decade. Most used bacterial preparations to infect animals, but some sought a filterable agent for the disease. Since the viral etiology of influenza was established in the early 1930s, studies in NHPs have been supplemented by a much larger number of experiments in mice, ferrets and human volunteers. However, the emergence of a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus in 1976 and the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in 1997 stimulated an increase in NHP research, because these agents are difficult to study in naturally infected patients and cannot be administered to human volunteers. In this paper, we review the published literature on the use of NHPs in influenza research from 1893 through the end of 2014. The first section summarizes observational studies of naturally occurring influenza-like syndromes in wild and captive primates, including serologic investigations. The second provides a chronological account of experimental infections of NHPs, beginning with Pfeiffer’s study and covering all published research on seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses, including vaccine and antiviral drug testing. The third section reviews experimental infections of NHPs with avian influenza viruses that have caused disease in humans since 1997. The paper concludes with suggestions for further studies to more clearly define and optimize the role of NHPs as experimental animals for influenza research.

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Reactions of Monkeys to Experimentally Induced Influenza Virus a Infection

Cited by 32 publications

References 6 publications

Animal Models for Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission

Animal Models for Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission

Experimental Infection of Macaques with a Wild Water Bird-Derived Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1)

The use of nonhuman primates in research on seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza, 1893–2014

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