Reactions involving the formation of five-membered mesoionic heterocycles (review)

Unidimensional Approximation of the Diffuse Electrical Layer in the Inner Volume of Solid Electrolyte Grains in the Absence of Background Ions

“…* the possibility of obtaining high specific catalytic activity due to high proton concentration in the diffuse layer in reactions that have high kinetic order in proton (e. g., 2 [35] );…”

“… whether any non‐dissociated acid groups exist in strong solid acids in water, and consequentially, whether a reaction catalyzed by such acid mostly occurs in the diffuse layer rather than on the surface acid species (Table ); the possibility of obtaining high specific catalytic activity due to high proton concentration in the diffuse layer in reactions that have high kinetic order in proton (e. g., 2); action of electrostatic forces on the substrate molecules. E.g., attraction of protonated cellulose to the catalyst surface is theorized to play an important role in its hydrolysis over solid acids .…”

“…If the reaction order in protons is not higher than unity, then wider pores would be more beneficial because the reaction rate effectively depends on the number of available protons in the reaction volume rather than their concentration, and wider pores are conducive to fuller dissociation of the solid acid. On the other hand, if the reaction order in protons is higher than unity (a rare but possible situation [35] ), then the proton concentration becomes a more sensitive factor, and narrower pores become preferable. Of course, these kinetic considerations assume no reaction limitation by diffusion.…”

Tetrazole Azasydnone (C2N7O2H) And Its Salts: High‐Performing Zwitterionic Energetic Materials Containing A Unique Explosophore

“…Despiteh aving thesem olecular features conducive to high performance, they have been much less studied as energetic materials. Recently,s ome beautiful work by Sheremetev et al [35] has pioneered the use of this unique heterocyclic system in energetic materials.W hile published studies on the energetic properties of azasydnones are relativelyl imited compared to other heterocyclic energetic backbones [35,36,45,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] they have been explored as nitric oxide donors in pharmaceuticals. [46][47][48] Furthermore, the azasydnone ring, like the tetrazole ring can form its detonation products by pushing electrons, without needing to move atoms, an importantc riteria in the development of primary explosives.…”