Reaction time performance in ADHD: improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects

Andreou, Penny; Neale, Benjamin M.; Chen, Wai; Christiansen, Hanna; Gabriëls, Isabel; Heise, Alexander; Meidad, Sheera; Müller, Urs; Uebel, Henrik; Banaschewski, Tobias; Manor, Iris; Oades, Robert D.; Roeyers, Herbert; Rothenberger, Aribert; Sham, Pak C.; Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph; Asherson, Philip; Kuntsi, Jonna

doi:10.1017/s0033291707000815

Cited by 157 publications

(243 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…However, it is plausible that stimulantinduced increases of conformity could contribute to MPH effects on social behavior. An MPH-induced increase in the incentive of conformity, for example, would be consistent with theories and findings that patients with ADHD have reinforcement learning deficits that can be alleviated by stimulant therapy (Frank et al, 2007;Haenlein and Caul, 1987;Luman et al, 2010;Volkow et al, 2005;Wilkison et al, 1995), enhanced responses to raised incentives (Andreou et al, 2007;Kohls et al, 2009;Luman et al, 2005), deficient psychophysical responding to affective stimuli that can be restored by stimulant medication (Conzelmann et al, 2011;Groen et al, 2009), and reduced hemodynamic responses to reward anticipation in the striatum (Plichta et al, 2009;Stark et al, 2011;Strohle et al, 2008). We therefore propose a new working hypothesis that MPH may improve social behavior and acceptance by peers in ADHD patients, in part, by increasing catecholamine-mediated conformity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Modulation of Social Influence by Methylphenidate

Campbell-Meiklejohn

Simonsen

Jensen

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The ability to infer value from the reactions of other people is a common and essential ability with a poorly understood neurobiology. Commonly, social learning matches one's values and behavior to what is perceived as normal for one's social group. This is known as conformity. Conformity of value correlates with neural activity shared by cognitions that depend on optimum catecholamine levels, but catecholamine involvement in conformity has not been tested empirically. Methylphenidate (MPH) is an indirect dopamine and noradrenalin agonist, commonly used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder for which it reduces undesirable behavior as evaluated by peers and authority figures, indicative of increased conformity. We hypothesized that MPH might increase conformity of value. In all, 38 healthy adult females received either a single oral 20 mg dose of MPH or placebo (PL). Each subject rated 153 faces for trustworthiness followed immediately by the face's mean rating from a group of peers. After 30 min and a 2-back continuousperformance working-memory task, subjects were unexpectedly asked to rate all the faces again. Both the groups tended to change their ratings towards the social norm. The MPH group exhibited twice the conformity effect of the PL group following moderate social conflict, but this did not occur following large conflicts. This suggests that MPH might enhance signals that would otherwise be too weak to evoke conformity. MPH did not affect 2-back performance. We provide a new working hypothesis of a neurocognitive mechanism by which MPH reduces socially disruptive behavior and provides novel evidence of catecholamine mediation of social learning.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Modulation of Social Influence by Methylphenidate

Campbell-Meiklejohn

Simonsen

Jensen

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…A modified method of DeFries-Fulker analysis (Andreou et al 2007;DeFries and Fulker 1985;Purcell and Sham 2003) was used to analyse the effect of shared familial influences on symptoms of autism and symptoms of ADHD in our data. DeFries-Fulker analysis uses a comparison of the proband and sibling mean symptom scores with the mean scores of the population.…”

Section: Defries-fulker Analysis Of Familial Influences On Autism Symmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Familial trait which Correlates with Conduct, Oppositional Defiant, Language and Motor Disorders

Mulligan

Anney

O’Regan

et al. 2008

J Autism Dev Disord

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202

133

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It is hypothesised that autism symptoms are present in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), are familial and index subtypes of ADHD. Autism symptoms were compared in 821 ADHD probands, 1050 siblings and 149 controls. Shared familiality of autism symptoms and ADHD was calculated using DeFriesFulker analysis. Autism symptoms were higher in probands than siblings or controls, and higher in male siblings than male controls. Autism symptoms were familial, partly shared with familiality of ADHD in males. Latent class analysis using SCQ-score yielded five classes; Class 1(31%) had few autism symptoms and low comorbidity; Classes 2-4 were intermediate; Class 5(7%) had high autism symptoms and comorbidity. Thus autism symptoms

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“…However, a number of vertebrate and invertebrate model systems suggest the possibility of genetic variance in residual variability or phenotypic heterogeneity: Drosophila experiments in the 1950s found twice the variance for body size in homozygote flies compared to heterozygotes (Reeve and Robertson 1953) and increasing phenotypic variance for both low-and high-selected lines selected for abdominal bristle number (Clayton and Robertson 1957). Reaction time in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (see Castellanos et al 2005;Russell et al 2006) shares familial effects with intra-individual variability (IIV) in reaction time, suggesting a genetic basis for residual variation (Andreou et al 2007;Wood et al 2009). Genetic effects on residual variance has been observed in several systems including rodent genetic models of ADHD (Perry et al 2010a,b), associations of genotype with thermotolerance in fish (Perry et al 2003), and abdominal bristles in Drosophila (Mackay and Lyman 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Modifies Genetic Effects on Residual Variance in Urinary Calcium Excretion in Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

et al. 2012

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Conventional genetics assumes common variance among alleles or genetic groups. However, evidence from vertebrate and invertebrate models suggests that residual genotypic variance may itself be under partial genetic control. Such a phenomenon would have great significance: high-variability alleles might confound the detection of "classically" acting genes or scatter predicted evolutionary outcomes among unpredicted trajectories. Of the few works on this phenomenon, many implicate sex in some aspect of its control. We found that female genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming (GHS) rats (Rattus norvegicus) had higher coefficients of variation (CVs) for urinary calcium (CV ¼ 0.14) than GHS males (CV ¼ 0.06), and the reverse in normocalciuric Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) (CV ♂ ¼ 0.14; CV ♀ ¼ 0.09), suggesting sex-by-genotype interaction on residual variance. We therefore investigated the effect of sex on absolute-transformed residuals in urinary calcium in an F 2 GHS · WKY mapping cohort. Absolute residuals were associated with genotype at two microsatellites, D3Rat46 (RNO3, 33.9 Mb) and D4Mgh1 (RNO4, 84.8 MB) at Bonferroni thresholds across the entire cohort, and with the microsatellites D3Rat46, D9Mgh2 (RNO9, 84.4 Mb), and D12Rat25 (RNO12, 40.4 Mb) in females (P , 0.05) but not males. In GHS chromosome 1 congenic lines bred onto a WKY genomic background, we found that congenic males had significantly (P , 0.0001) higher CVs for urinary calcium (CV ¼ 0.25) than females (CV ¼ 0.15), supporting the hypothesis of the inheritance of sex-by-genotype interaction on this effect. Our findings suggest that genetic effects on residual variance are sex linked; heritable, sex-specific residuals might have great potential implications for evolution, adaptation, and genetic analysis.

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Reaction time performance in ADHD: improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects

Cited by 157 publications

References 55 publications

Modulation of Social Influence by Methylphenidate

Modulation of Social Influence by Methylphenidate

Autism symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Familial trait which Correlates with Conduct, Oppositional Defiant, Language and Motor Disorders

Sex Modifies Genetic Effects on Residual Variance in Urinary Calcium Excretion in Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

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