Reaction of free chlorine with humic substances before and after adsorption on activated carbon

McCreary, John J.; Snoeyink, Vernon L.

doi:10.1021/es00084a003

Cited by 32 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Chromatographic identification of the nonvolatile chlorinated organica formed from the chlorination of humic material has been undertaken in only a few instance (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13), and there are notable dissimilarities. For example, McCreary and Snoeyink (11,12) studied the reaction of a solution of chlorine gas in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution on humic acid extracted from peat soil with sodium pyrophosphate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, McCreary and Snoeyink (11,12) studied the reaction of a solution of chlorine gas in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution on humic acid extracted from peat soil with sodium pyrophosphate. Comparison studies with humic acid before and after adsorption onto activated carbon found that the major low-volatility gas-chromatographable organics were chlorophenols.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of the possible wintertime pathways of 16ng-distance transport, three geographical regions have been identified as potential sources of arctic haze, namely, eastern Asia, North America, and Eurasia. Although current knowledge favors the Eurasian source, sizeable contributions from the other locations cannot be ruled out (9)(10)(11)(12). Whether the winter aerosol concentrations are increasing from year to year is not known yet, making it difficult to estimate possible environmental effects that might occur in the future (13)(14)(15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of nonvolatile aqueous chlorination products of humic substances

Miller¹,

Uden²

1983

Environ. Sci. Technol.

186

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The formation of nonvolatile chloroorganics produced during the aqueous chlorination of humic substances was followed qualitatively and quantitatively. The effects of reaction time, NaOCl to C ratio, pH, and source of humic material were studied with respect to the quantitative formation of chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and chloral hydrate. Other gas-chromatographable chloroorganics formed from the chlorination of fulvic acid were produced at levels below these four compounds. Chlorine-selective fingerprint studies were also undertaken to follow the formation of 17 major chlorinated products.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of nonvolatile aqueous chlorination products of humic substances

Miller¹,

Uden²

1983

Environ. Sci. Technol.

186

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“…Oxidation of the surface of activated carbon results in a decrease in adsorptive capacity for a variety of organic compounds 4 – 9 . Also, activated carbon catalyzes many types of reactions with aqueous chlorine 5 , 10 – 15 . MIB, however, is difficult to oxidize and is not directly affected by chlorine 16 , 17 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of chlorine on PAC's ability to adsorb MIB

Gillogly¹,

Snoeyink²,

Holthouse³

et al. 1998

Journal AWWA

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DISINFECTIONu sty or earth y odors, generally attribu ted to 2-m eth ylisoborn eol (MIB) an d geosm in , are th e m ost frequ en tly observed odors in water su pplies. 1 Su rveys of u tilities h ave fou n d th at th e u se of activated carbon seem s to be on e of th e m ost effective m eth ods for con trollin g tastes an d odors. 2,3 However, activated carbon is often applied with ou t a fu ll u n derstan din g of h ow oth er treatm en t ch em icals m ay affect adsorption .Th e application of ch lorin e as a part of th e water treatm en t process is still a com m on practice for disinfection , taste an d odor con trol, an d am m on ia rem oval. As a resu lt, ch lorin e is on e of th e ch em icals th at often com es in to con tact with activated carbon . Wh en free ch lorin e, m on och loram in e, an d dich loram in e con tact activated carbon , th ey oxidize its su rface an d in th e process are con verted prim arily to ch loride ion an d oth er produ cts. 4 Oxidation of th e su rface of activated carbon resu lts in a decrease in adsorptive capacity for a variety of Ex p e rim e n ts w e re co n d u cte d in n atu ral an d d e io n ize d d istille d w ate r to e stablish th e e x te n t to w h ich ch lo rin e d im in ish e s th e ability o f activate d carbo n to ad so rb 2-m e th yliso bo rn e o l (MIB). Th e au th o rs d e te rm in e d th at th e d e gre e o f re d u ctio n in MIB ad so rp tio n cap acity w as co n tro lle d by th e am o u n t o f ch lo rin e re acte d p e r u n it m ass o f activate d carbo n . A lth o u gh th e cap acity re d u ctio n w as attribu te d to th e o x id atio n o f MIB ad so rp tio n site s, th e au th o rs fo u n d th at ch lo rin e co u ld re ad ily o x id ize site s alre ad y co n tain in g MIB, th e re by re le asin g it back in to th e aqu e o u s p h ase . A sign ifican t p o rtio n o f th is lo st cap acity co u ld be re co ve re d by d ryin g th e o x id ize d carbo n . To m ax im ize th e e fficie n cy o f bo th th e ch lo rin e an d p o w d e re d activate d carbo n (PA C), co n tact be tw e e n th e ch lo rin e an d PA C sh o u ld be e lim in ate d o r m in im ize d . For executive summary, see page 175.

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“…Alternately, a subset of these compounds can be examined in detail by a Chromatographie procedure. Gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been used by various researchers (7,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21) to study some of the individual components of TOX.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reaction of dechlorinating agents with some non‐volatile halogenated organics

Fam¹,

Stenstrom²

1988

Environmental Technology Letters

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Chlorination of various waste-waters as well as drinking water produces an abundance of nonvolatile halogenated organics. Many of these compounds are unsaturated and contain chlorine and oxygen atoms. Dechlorination with sodium sulfite prior to extraction changes the concentration of the halogenated organics. Certain types of halogenated compounds are reduced more than others. This observation implies that laboratory dechlorination should only be practiced if the compounds of interest (e.g., THM's) are unreactive with the added reducing agents. The potential use of dechlorination as a treatment for halogenated byproducts is explored.

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Reaction of free chlorine with humic substances before and after adsorption on activated carbon

Cited by 32 publications

References 7 publications

Characterization of nonvolatile aqueous chlorination products of humic substances

Characterization of nonvolatile aqueous chlorination products of humic substances

Effect of chlorine on PAC's ability to adsorb MIB

The reaction of dechlorinating agents with some non‐volatile halogenated organics

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