Characterization of nonvolatile aqueous chlorination products of humic substances

Miller, Joel W.; Uden, Peter C.

doi:10.1021/es00109a006

Cited by 186 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Decomposition of SOM produces not only CO 2 but also dissolved organic matter (Marschner and Kalbitz 2003, Kalbitz et al 2000, sometimes in concentrations of more than 100 mg/l. A chemically very similar process is the disinfection of water (Rook 1980, Christman et al 1983, Miller and Uden 1983, de Leer et al 1985, Reckhow et al 1990) involving chlorination of remaining humic substances (HS) in diluted aqueous solutions. The difference is due to differences in HS concentration, rate of diffusion in soil solution, pH value, concentration of HOCl and of chlorinated products, etc.…”

Section: Biogeochemical Cycling Of Chlorine and Chlorination In The Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeochemical cycles of chlorine in the coniferous forest ecosystem: practical implications

Matucha¹,

Clarke²,

Lachmanová³

et al. 2010

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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Chlorine -one of the most widespread elements on the Earth -is present in the environment as chloride ion or bound to organic substances. The main source of chloride ions is the oceans while organically bound chlorine (OCl) comes from various sources, including anthropogenic ones. Chlorinated organic compounds were long considered to be only industrial products; nevertheless, organochlorines occur plentifully in natural ecosystems. However, recent investigations in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems have shown them to be products of biodegradation of soil organic matter under participation of chlorine. It is important to understand both the inorganic and organic biogeochemical cycling of chlorine in order to understand processes in the forest ecosystem and dangers as a result of human activities, i.e. emission and deposition of anthropogenic chlorinated compounds as well as those from natural processes. The minireview presented below provides a survey of contemporary knowledge of the state of the art and a basis for investigations of formation and degradation of organochlorines and monitoring of chloride and organochlorines in forest ecosystems, which has not been carried out in the Czech Republic yet.

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Section: Biogeochemical Cycling Of Chlorine and Chlorination In The Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeochemical cycles of chlorine in the coniferous forest ecosystem: practical implications

Matucha¹,

Clarke²,

Lachmanová³

et al. 2010

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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“…Effects of pH on DBP formation had studied in the range of 4 to 9 in the literature and these indicated the increase of THM above pH 7 (Xie 2004;Uyak et al, 2007). The increase in CF formation at high pH is associated with the base-catalyzed haloform-type reaction (Miller and Uden, 1983). THMs increase as the pH is alkalized, due to the fact that CF formation increases as the concentration of OH ion in the solution increases, as the solubility of humic acid increases and it has a broad molecule surface in a water solution.…”

Section: Thm Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

DBP formation and speciation in a central anatolian dam water depending on pH, TOC level, fraction and chlorine dose

2013

Global NEST Journal

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The effects of pH, NOM concentration, fractions and the chlorine dose on the formation and speciation of THMs and HAAs were determined in Altinapa Dam water (Konya/Turkey). Water sample was isolated and chlorinated at different TOC levels and pH's. The isolate was fractioned; THM and HAA species were measured after chlorination. THM increased with increasing pH (6 to 8) whereas a consistent pH tendency could not be inferred from the HAA changes. CF is the dominant THM specie which exerts up to 91% of the total THM. The majority of total HAAs composed of MCAA, DCAA and TCAA. The hydrophobic fraction was the main THM precursor under the studied conditions although their percentage was lower than hydrophilics, whereas, hydrophilic fraction had significant contribution to HAA formation, in contrast to the general tendency for HAA. High correlation (0.97) was calculated between total THMs and HAAs.KEYWORDS: Natural organic matter, fractionation, trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, chlorination. INTRODUCTIONNatural organic matter (NOM) exists in all surface waters and groundwaters as a result of complex biotic and abiotic reactions. The application of disinfectants to drinking water reduces the microbial risk but possess chemical risk in the form of disinfection by-products (DBPs) by reactions between dissolved portion of NOM and disinfectant. Applied chlorine rapidly hydrolyses and so formed hypochlorous acid (HOCl) undergoes subsequent reactions resulting in the formation of DBPs. There has been an increasing concern about DBPs since Rook (1974) and Bellar and Lichtenberg (1974). Although there are various identified halogenated DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the most common DBPs which are carcinogenic and potentially hazardous to human health. There are a lot of limitations imposed by EPA, EU and WHO for DBPs. Maximum limits has been decreased in recent revisions.

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“…One was on the base of the mechanism that dichloroacetic acid does not readily undergo chlorine substitution to give trichloroacetic acid [17][18][19]. Rook [19] proposed a mechanism of formation of DCAA and TCAA from the chlorination of hypothetical resorcinol moiety in HA (Fig.…”

Section: Effect Of Reaction Time On Formation and Distribution Of Haasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation and distribution of haloacetic acids in copper pipe during chlorination

Liu

et al. 2008

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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The formation and distribution of HAAs in copper pipe during chlorination was investigated. To determine the material influence of copper pipe, parallel experiments were performed in glass pipe. Results showed that there was no obvious difference between the sum of haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) produced in copper pipe compared to that produced in glass pipe over a 12 h period. However, significant differences were observed about the distribution of five haloacetic acids in copper pipe and in glass pipe. Relatively less trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and more monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) and trihalomethanes (THMs) were produced in copper pipe than those in glass pipe. Corrosion scale on the wall of copper pipe was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed the scales on the pipe surface mainly consisted of Cu 2 O, CuO and Cu (OH) 2 or CuCO 3 . During 24 h stagnation, copper released gradually from copper pipe. The influences of copper (II) and copper oxides on the distribution of HAAs were investigated in designed experiments. Results showed that less amount of TCAA, more amounts of DCAA and MCAA were formed with increasing concentration of copper (II). It was because the accelerative effect of copper (II) on the depletion of chlorination restricted the formation of TCAA precursor and the further formation of TCAA. Owing to the transformation of DCAA precursor to TCAA precursor was limited, more DCAA precursor could yield DCAA. The influences of Cu 2 O and CuO on the distribution of TCAA and DCAA were the result of copper released at higher content.

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Characterization of nonvolatile aqueous chlorination products of humic substances

Cited by 186 publications

References 14 publications

Biogeochemical cycles of chlorine in the coniferous forest ecosystem: practical implications

Biogeochemical cycles of chlorine in the coniferous forest ecosystem: practical implications

DBP formation and speciation in a central anatolian dam water depending on pH, TOC level, fraction and chlorine dose

The formation and distribution of haloacetic acids in copper pipe during chlorination

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