Reaction of ethanol over hydroxyapatite affected by Ca/P ratio of catalyst

One-Pot Liquid-Phase Catalytic Conversion of Ethanol to 1-Butanol over Aluminium Oxide—The Effect of the Active Metal on the Selectivity

“…No odd number (C-3, C-5, C-7) alcohols were detected in the screening experiments (based on GC-MS analysis). This kind of product distribution may be related to so called Guerbet reaction which produces branched alcohols from primary ones [15]. The product composition varied greatly over various tested catalysts.…”

“…In the open literature, only a few reports describe the direct catalytic dimerisation or conversion of ethanol to 1-butanol and other hydrocarbons [11][12][13][14][15][16]. These described technologies suggest a two-phase process where ethanol vapor is passed through a solid catalyst packed in a fixed bed.…”

“…The reaction temperatures vary from 200 °C up to 450 °C, with a relatively low conversion (10-20%) and selectivity approaching 70%. In the recent literature, a novel catalytic process utilizing a non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite was found to be very promising [11,15]. In addition, solid bases [15], some zeolites [14], and supported metals (e.g., Ni, Co) [12] have been reported to convert ethanol to 1-butanol.…”

“…In the recent literature, a novel catalytic process utilizing a non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite was found to be very promising [11,15]. In addition, solid bases [15], some zeolites [14], and supported metals (e.g., Ni, Co) [12] have been reported to convert ethanol to 1-butanol. To the best of our knowledge, until today no reports exist that describe a liquid-phase process for this particular reaction.…”

Biomass-derived Platform Molecules Upgrading through Catalytic Processes: Yielding Chemicals and Fuels

“…It has been first proposed that the Guerbet reaction proceeds through a sequence of 4 steps, with first a dehydrogenation of the alcohol on basic sites (or oxidation over redox sites) to the corresponding aldehyde, followed by an aldol condensation of two aldehyde molecules on basic sites and further dehydration of the as-obtained aldol over acid sites to a α-β unsaturated aldehyde or ketone that is lastly hydrogenated over redox/acid-base sites to finally form higher alcohols 73) . However, some recent literature suggests that at a fraction of the final alcohol is a primary product and the other fraction may be formed by reaction between the alcohol and the corresponding aldehyde 74) .…”