Reaction modifier system enable double-network hydrogel electrolyte for flexible zinc-air batteries with tolerance to extreme cold conditions

Zhang, Yanan; Qin, Hanglan; Mensah, Alfred; Ke, Huizhen; Cai, Yibing; Wang, Qingqing; Huang, Fenglin; Li, Bing; Lv, Pengfei; Wei, Qufu

doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2021.07.026

Cited by 98 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Furthermore, the peak of CSAM‐S hydrogel at 0.1–3 ms region decreased distinctly at −30 °C due to the hydrogel freezing, whereas strong peak can be observed in the CSAM‐C hydrogel, confirming the antifreezing property of the CSAM‐C hydrogel. [ 51–53 ] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were conducted to record the solid–liquid transition temperature ( T t ) of the hydrogel with different concentration salts. [ 27 ] As provided in Figure 3d and Figure S17 (Supporting Information), the T t of the CSAM‐C electrolyte is much lower than CSAM‐S and pure CSAM, and further decreases with the Zn(ClO 4 ) 2 concentration increasing, demonstrating that the freezing point of the electrolyte is reduced by the weak HB interaction between ClO 4 − and water molecules.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifreezing Hydrogel Electrolyte with Ternary Hydrogen Bonding for High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries

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notorious Zn dendrites and hazardous side reactions ascribing to the interactions between Zn 2+ and the functional groups in hydrogel. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Nevertheless, battery electrolytes with conventional hydrogels will be ineluctably freezing at subzero temperatures due to the relatively high freezing point of water. This can dramatically deteriorate the polymer gel mechanical property and ionic conductivities, [15,16] resulting in inferior cycling stability or even occurring short circuit. [17] In addition, the mechanical property of the hydrogel electrolyte should also be elaborately designed, to simultaneously satisfy the flexibility of wearable batteries and withstand the acting force during daily operation.Generally, hydrogel freezing is mainly on account of the strong HB formation between water molecules on polymer chains. [18,19] To date, two main strategies including the organic additives [20][21][22][23][24][25] and high concentration salts [26][27][28][29][30] are demonstrated on breaking the HB of water to achieve batteries with low temperature performance. The organic additives can form new HB with water molecules for achieving ultralow freezing point, and regulate the Zn 2+ solvation structure by coordinating with Zn 2+ for dendrite and side reaction suppression. [20,21,23] However, the radii of the Zn 2+ solvation structure are increased during the coordination, which significantly decrease the ionic conductivity of the batteries especially at subzero temperatures. [31] For high-concentration salts, they own much higher ionic conductivity than organic molecules, [26][27][28][29]32] but are expensive and undergo poor electrolyte wettability and severe salt precipitation at low temperature. [33][34][35] Critically, the mechanical durability of the hydrogel will be deteriorated by the high concentration salts when cooperated in batteries. Apart from the abovementioned strategies, grafting alcohol molecules to the polymer chains can also dedicate to the hydrogel antifreezing, whereas the fabrication process is tedious and complicated comparatively. [36,37] Therefore, exploring a new salt with low concentration to confer the hydrogel electrolyte with adjustable mechanical property and high ionic conductivities at subzero temperatures is of great importance.The Hofmeister effect is one of the ubiquitous phenomenon in nature, including two distinct solvation behaviors for hydrogels regarded as the "salting out" effect of the kosmotropes and "salting in" effect of the chaotropes. [38][39][40][41][42] Current literatures have employed inorganic salts to tailor the mechanical property The new-generation flexible aqueous zinc-ion batteries require enhanced mechanical properties and ionic conductivities at low temperature for practical applications. This fundamentally means that it is desired that the hydrogel electrolyte possesses antifreezing merits to resist flexibility loss and performance decrease at subzero temperatures. Herein, a highly flexible polysaccharide hydrogel is realized in situ and ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifreezing Hydrogel Electrolyte with Ternary Hydrogen Bonding for High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries

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“…Additionally, such flexible ZIBs are extremely safe, environmentally friendly, and non‐flammable, with high energy density and suitability for use in multi‐scenario applications including smart electronics, communications, the medical field, and so forth 5,6 . Flexible ZIBs usually exist in the following three typical forms: the cable type, the sandwich type, and the planar type 7–9 . In the first two configurations, most researchers commonly use a zinc foil or zinc wires as anodes for flexible ZIBs 10,11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 Flexible ZIBs usually exist in the following three typical forms: the cable type, the sandwich type, and the planar type. [7][8][9] In the first two configurations, most researchers commonly use a zinc foil or zinc wires as anodes for flexible ZIBs. 10,11 However, due to the poor plasticity of zinc metal, bending or extrusion of zinc metal may lead to defects, even irreversible deformation, which could serve as active sites to foster dendrite growth.…”

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CNT@MnO₂ composite ink toward a flexible 3D printed micro‐zinc‐ion battery

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Flexible energy storage devices have played a significant role in multiscenario applications, while flexible zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), as an essential branch, have developed rapidly in recent years. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an extremely advanced technology to design and modify the structure of batteries and provides unlimited possibilities for the diversified development of energy storage equipment. Herein, by utilizing 3D printing technology, carbon nanotube (CNT) is coated by MnO 2 to form a flexible CNT@MnO 2 ink as a cathode for flexible aqueous micro-ZIBs for the first time and zinc powder ink is used as an anode due to its high flexibility and bendability. The Zn//CNT@MnO 2 flexible battery shows a stable capacity of 63 μAh cm −2 at 0.4 mA cm −2 . When the battery is bent in different states, the maximum capacity loss compared with the initial value is only 2.72%, indicating its stability. This study shows the potential of 3D printing technology in the development of flexible manganese-based ZIBs.

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“…The performances under harsh conditions, such as extremely high humidity, underwater environments, high pressure, and high/low temperatures, are rarely reported. 94,[194][195][196] Moreover, under various harsh conditions, inevitable issues (including leakage, ammability, and volatility) associated with organic-based liquid electrolytes and related to the safety of devices are encountered. Non-ammable aqueous electrolytes are good candidates for overcoming these issues.…”

Section: Outlook and Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Foldable batteries: from materials to devices

et al. 2022

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Reaction modifier system enable double-network hydrogel electrolyte for flexible zinc-air batteries with tolerance to extreme cold conditions

Cited by 98 publications

References 48 publications

Antifreezing Hydrogel Electrolyte with Ternary Hydrogen Bonding for High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries

Antifreezing Hydrogel Electrolyte with Ternary Hydrogen Bonding for High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries

CNT@MnO₂ composite ink toward a flexible 3D printed micro‐zinc‐ion battery

Foldable batteries: from materials to devices

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Reaction modifier system enable double-network hydrogel electrolyte for flexible zinc-air batteries with tolerance to extreme cold conditions

Cited by 98 publications

References 48 publications

Antifreezing Hydrogel Electrolyte with Ternary Hydrogen Bonding for High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries

Antifreezing Hydrogel Electrolyte with Ternary Hydrogen Bonding for High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries

CNT@MnO2 composite ink toward a flexible 3D printed micro‐zinc‐ion battery

Foldable batteries: from materials to devices

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CNT@MnO₂ composite ink toward a flexible 3D printed micro‐zinc‐ion battery