Reaching reveals that best-versus-rest processing contributes to biased decision making

Wispinski, Nathan J.; Truong, Grace; Handy, Todd C.; Chapman, Craig S.

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.03.006

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The full-factor repeated-measures ANOVA analyses in both experiments indicated that more positive evaluations were given to images on the right side of space. While outside the scope of the current study, these findings are consistent with a large literature on stronger attention in right-handed participants to rightward stimuli both in keyboard and reaching based tasks (Kinsbourne, 1987;Lloyd, Azañón, & Poliakoff, 2010;Wispinski, Truong, Handy, & Chapman, 2017), and laterality effects in stimulus evaluation (Compton, Williamson, Murphy, & Heller, 2002;Goolsby et al, 2009). The present results are also consistent with an embodiment account, as responding with the same hand as a graspable object on a screen increased measures of emotional liking (Cannon et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Selective attention to real-world objects drives their emotional appraisal

Wispinski

Lin

Enns

et al. 2020

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Attentional manipulations have been shown to influence subsequent evaluations of objects and images. For example, images used as distractors in a visual search task are subsequently rated more negatively than are target images. One powerful manipulation of attention occurs when we plan and execute movements toward objects in our environment. Here, in two experiments, we show that selective attention to real-world objects subsequently improves emotional appraisal of those objects-an effect we term "target appreciation." Participants were presented with abstract images on three-dimensional objects, and were cued to either reach and grasp one of the two objects, or to respond to the cued object with a keyboard. Images presented on target objects were appraised more positively when compared with novel images. In contrast, images associated with obstacles or distractor objects were not appraised differently than novel images, despite the attentional suppression thought to be required to successfully avoid or ignore these objects. We speculate that this automatic appreciation of the objects of selective attention may be adaptive for organisms acting in complex environments. Keywords Selective attention . Emotion . Preferences . Motor processes . Real world Attentional manipulations have been shown to influence affective ratings of images and objects (Fenske & Raymond, 2006;Schonberg et al., 2014;Veling, Aarts, & Stroebe, 2013). One powerful manipulation of attention occurs when we plan and execute movements toward objects in our environment. Studies of reaching and grasping show that attention is dynamically enhanced for the locations containing targets that must be approached (Baldauf, Wolf, & Deubel, 2006), and that attention is dynamically suppressed for locations containing obstacles that must be avoided (Chapman, Gallivan, Culham, & Goodale, 2011). Here, we consider the

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Selective attention to real-world objects drives their emotional appraisal

Wispinski

Lin

Enns

et al. 2020

Atten Percept Psychophys

Self Cite

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“…This finding suggests that what participants take to be rewarding is itself multifaceted – not just the magnitude of the reward, but also how likely it is that they will receive the reward. Furthermore, across a series of reach-decision experiments, a multitude of biasing factors have been observed including: reward value and probability (Chapman, Gallivan, & Enns, 2015a), the best option in a decision set (Wispinski, Truong, Handy, & Chapman, 2017), current level of accumulated wealth (Neyedli & Welsh, 2015a), the number of targets and not the perception of them (Milne et al, 2013), and how the number of choice-options is represented (Chapman et al, 2014). The problem here is similar to the one Awh et al (2012) tried to solve: the definition of the concept under investigation is too restricted.…”

Section: A Failed Analytic Solution: Selection and Reward Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

No one knows what attention is

Hommel

Chapman

Cisek

et al. 2019

Atten Percept Psychophys

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In this article, we challenge the usefulness of "attention" as a unitary construct and/or neural system. We point out that the concept has too many meanings to justify a single term, and that "attention" is used to refer to both the explanandum (the set of phenomena in need of explanation) and the explanans (the set of processes doing the explaining). To illustrate these points, we focus our discussion on visual selective attention. It is argued that selectivity in processing has emerged through evolution as a design feature of a complex multi-channel sensorimotor system, which generates selective phenomena of "attention" as one of many by-products. Instead of the traditional analytic approach to attention, we suggest a synthetic approach that starts with well-understood mechanisms that do not need to be dedicated to attention, and yet account for the selectivity phenomena under investigation. We conclude that what would serve scientific progress best would be to drop the term "attention" as a label for a specific functional or neural system and instead focus on behaviorally relevant selection processes and the many systems that implement them.

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“…They also demonstrated a clear temporal advantage for processing gains relative to losses. A recent follow‐up study has shown that this competition revealed through reaching is prevalent even in relatively slow, self‐initiated movements . Furthermore, other research shows that the instantaneous changes in movement angles can reveal how competition between options and sources of decision evidence evolves over time .…”

Section: Bringing Two Halves Together: Decision Making As a Continuoumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent follow-up study has shown that this competition revealed through reaching is prevalent even in relatively slow, self-initiated movements. 145 Furthermore, other research shows that the instantaneous changes in movement angles can reveal how competition between options and sources of decision evidence evolves over time. 146,147 In sum, these studies are consistent with competition being initiated during reaction time, but now seeping into response time and affecting movement.…”

Section: Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Models, movements, and minds: bridging the gap between decision making and action

Wispinski

Gallivan

Chapman

2018

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Decision making is a fundamental cognitive function, which not only determines our day‐to‐day choices but also shapes the trajectories of our movements, our lives, and our societies. While immense progress has been made in recent years on our understanding of the mechanisms underlying decision making, research on this topic is still largely split into two halves. Good‐based models largely state that decisions are made between representations of abstract value associated with available options; while action‐based models largely state that decisions are made at the level of action representations. These models are further divided between those that state that a decision is made before an action is specified, and those that regard decision making as an evolving process that continues until movement completion. Here, we review computational models, behavioral findings, and results from neural recordings associated with these frameworks. In synthesizing this literature, we submit that decision making is best understood as a continuous, graded, and distributed process that traverses a landscape of behaviorally relevant options, from their presentation until movement completion. Identifying and understanding the intimate links between decision making and action processing has important implications for the study of complex, goal‐directed behaviors such as social communication, and for elucidating the underlying mechanisms by which decisions are formed.

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Reaching reveals that best-versus-rest processing contributes to biased decision making

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

Selective attention to real-world objects drives their emotional appraisal

Selective attention to real-world objects drives their emotional appraisal

No one knows what attention is

Models, movements, and minds: bridging the gap between decision making and action

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