Reaching all in rural sanitation: experiences from inclusive programming in five countries

Carrard, Naomi; Kohlitz, Jeremy; Soeters, Simone; Halcrow, Gabrielle; Murta, Janina; Willetts, Juliet

doi:10.1080/09614524.2020.1786008

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…While various intra-community and external support instruments should be in place to assist in reaching disadvantage groups [54,55], more importantly, national and local government roles, responsibilities, and accountability mechanisms should be enhanced to address such inequalities. An emerging framework and strategies such as the citywide inclusive sanitation public service approach [56] and inclusive programming [57] in urban and rural contexts, respectively, outline ways to address these roles and accountabilities in detail.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safely Managed On-Site Sanitation: A National Assessment of Sanitation Services and Potential Fecal Exposure in Indonesia

Odagiri

Thomas

Listyasari

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Sustainable Development Goal target 6.2 calls for universal access to adequate and equitable sanitation, setting a more ambitious standard for ‘safely managed sanitation services’. On-site sanitation systems (e.g., septic tanks) are widely used in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the lack of indicators for assessing fecal exposure risks presents a barrier to monitoring safely managed services. Furthermore, geographic diversity and frequency of disasters require a more nuanced approach to risk-informed decision-making. Taking Indonesia as an example, the purpose of this paper is to provide insights into current status and practices for on-site sanitation services in the contexts of LMICs. Using a dataset from a national socio-economic survey (n = 295,155) coupled with village census (n = 83,931), we assessed (1) household sanitation practices across Indonesia stratified by city-level population density and meteorological factors, (2) factors associated with septic tank emptying practice, and (3) inequalities in potential fecal exposure as measured by population density and WASH access by wealth quintile. We found a high reliance on on-site sanitation facilities (80.0%), almost half of which are assumed to be ‘uncontained’ septic tanks and one in ten facilities discharging untreated waste directly into the environment. The most densely populated areas had the highest rates of septic tank emptying, though emptying rates were just 17.0%, while in the lowest population density group, emptying was rarely reported. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated an association between flooding and drought occurrence and septic tank emptying practice. Higher groundwater usage for drinking among poorer households suggests unsafe sanitation may disproportionally affect the poor. Our study underscores the urgent need to strengthen the monitoring of on-site sanitation in LMICs by developing contextualized standards. Furthermore, the inequalities in potential fecal exposure require greater attention and tailored support mechanisms to ensure the poorest gain access to safely managed sanitation services.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safely Managed On-Site Sanitation: A National Assessment of Sanitation Services and Potential Fecal Exposure in Indonesia

Odagiri

Thomas

Listyasari

et al. 2021

IJERPH

Self Cite

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“…Those not served resort to open defecation, which potentially exposes them to multiple faecal pathogen exposure routes and health risks. Addressing equity and universality in rural sanitation interventions should be considered in future work (Carrard et al 2020), possibly by selecting appropriate sanitation technology options. About half of the reviewed frameworks did not fully address the flexibility criterion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frameworks for selecting appropriate rural sanitation technology options in low- and middle-income countries: a critical review

Kanda

Ncube

Voyi

2021

International Journal of Environmental Health Research

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Several rural technology options exist on the sanitation market with different characteristics, yet project failures in some developing countries were attributable to inappropriate technology choices. Frameworks that are used to select sanitation technology options (hard copy, computer programmes) were developed by researchers and project implementers. They vary in design and application as there is no standard format. This appears to create a gap between science and practice. Frameworks should have some key elements needed to select appropriate sanitation technologies. We evaluated 12 available frameworks (2000-2019) used to select sanitation technologies in rural communities of low-and middle-income countries against 22 assessment criteria derived from literature. Criteria that were not fully addressed by some of the reviewed frameworks (scores of 8-50%) included equity, sanitation demand, sanitation behaviour change, ongoing contact, replicability, framework limitations, personnel selection and flexibility. Addressing such limitations may assist in future framework development.

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Codesign in resource-limited societies: theoretical perspectives, inputs, outputs and influencing factors

Jagtap

2022

Res Eng Design

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Codesign with resource-constrained people living in developing countries is crucial for sustained adoption and use of designed solutions. Several studies have investigated codesign with resource-constrained people. It is, therefore, important to understand what has been investigated and learnt so far as well as to plan for further scholarly exploration of this field. To address this, I applied a systematic literature review (SLR) approach to understand main sources, definitions, and theoretical perspectives regarding codesign with resource-constrained people. The SLR also aimed to understand inputs and outputs of codesign as well as factors influencing the codesign process. The findings portray a multifaceted picture regarding these aspects of codesign. I discuss implications of review findings for the practice of codesigning solutions with resource-constrained people, identify concerns that researchers should have about this field, and offer suggestions for future research in this field of codesign.

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Reaching all in rural sanitation: experiences from inclusive programming in five countries

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Safely Managed On-Site Sanitation: A National Assessment of Sanitation Services and Potential Fecal Exposure in Indonesia

Safely Managed On-Site Sanitation: A National Assessment of Sanitation Services and Potential Fecal Exposure in Indonesia

Frameworks for selecting appropriate rural sanitation technology options in low- and middle-income countries: a critical review

Codesign in resource-limited societies: theoretical perspectives, inputs, outputs and influencing factors

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