Re-Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 in France, 2015

Sailleau, Corinne; Bréard, Emmanuel; Viarouge, Cyril; Vitour, Damien; Romey, Aurore; Garnier, Annabelle; Fablet, Aurore; Lowenski, Steeve; Górna, Kamila; Caignard, Grégory; Pagneux, C.; Zientara, Stéphan

doi:10.1111/tbed.12453

Cited by 70 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…A massive vaccine campaign, costing the European Union e231 million in (Pinior et al 2015, was thought to have successfully eradicated this serotype from the livestock population. However, as expected, cessation of vaccine requirements in 2010 and herd population turnover have resulted in a reemergence of BTV-8 in livestock (BVA 2015b), possibly from persisting virus in wildlife (BVA 2015a; Sailleau et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

European Bluetongue Serotype 8: Disease Threat Assessment for U.S. Sheep

Drolet

Reister-Hendricks

Podell

et al. 2016

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an orbivirus transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides spp.) that can result in moderate to high morbidity and mortality primarily in sheep and white-tailed deer. Although only 5 serotypes of BTV are considered endemic to the United States, as many as 11 incursive serotypes have been detected in livestock and wildlife in the past 16 years. Introductions of serotypes, with unknown virulence and disease risk, are constant threats to US agriculture. One potential incursive serotype of particular concern is the European strain of BTV-8, which was introduced into Northern Europe in 2006 and caused unprecedented livestock disease and mortality during the 2006-2007 vector seasons. To assess disease risk of BTV-8 in a common white-faced American sheep breed, eight Polled Dorset yearlings were experimentally infected and monitored for clinical signs. Viremia and viral tissue distribution were detected and quantified by real-time qRT-PCR. Overall, clinical disease was moderate with no mortality. Viremia reached as high as 9.7 log10 particles/mL and persisted at 5 logs or higher through the end of the study (28 days). Virus distribution in tissues was extensive with the highest mean titers at the peak of viremia (day 8) in the kidney (8.38 log10 particles/mg) and pancreas (8.37 log10 particles/mg). Virus persisted in tissues of some sheep at 8 logs or higher by day 28. Results of this study suggest that should BTV-8 emerge in the United States, clinical disease in this common sheep breed would likely be similar in form, duration, and severity to what is typically observed in severe outbreaks of endemic serotypes, not the extraordinary disease levels seen in Northern Europe. In addition, a majority of exposed sheep would be expected to survive and act as significant BTV-8 reservoirs with high titer viremias for subsequent transmission to other livestock and wildlife populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

European Bluetongue Serotype 8: Disease Threat Assessment for U.S. Sheep

Drolet

Reister-Hendricks

Podell

et al. 2016

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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“…Recently, BTV serotype 8 has re-emerged in France [8]. The difficulty in eradicating BTV in Europe is echoed by the persistence of both enzootic and epizootic patterns across large regions of the USA [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of temperature changes on vector-borne disease transmission: Culicoides midges and bluetongue virus

Brand

Keeling

2017

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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It is a long recognized fact that climatic variations, especially temperature, affect the life history of biting insects. This is particularly important when considering vector-borne diseases, especially in temperate regions where climatic fluctuations are large. In general, it has been found that most biological processes occur at a faster rate at higher temperatures, although not all processes change in the same manner. This differential response to temperature, often considered as a trade-off between onward transmission and vector life expectancy, leads to the total transmission potential of an infected vector being maximized at intermediate temperatures. Here we go beyond the concept of a static optimal temperature, and mathematically model how realistic temperature variation impacts transmission dynamics. We use bluetongue virus (BTV), under UK temperatures and transmitted by Culicoides midges, as a well-studied example where temperature fluctuations play a major role. We first consider an optimal temperature profile that maximizes transmission, and show that this is characterized by a warm day to maximize biting followed by cooler weather to maximize vector life expectancy. This understanding can then be related to recorded representative temperature patterns for England, the UK region which has experienced BTV cases, allowing us to infer historical transmissibility of BTV, as well as using forecasts of climate change to predict future transmissibility. Our results show that when BTV first invaded northern Europe in 2006 the cumulative transmission intensity was higher than any point in the last 50 years, although with climate change such high risks are the expected norm by 2050. Such predictions would indicate that regular BTV epizootics should be expected in the UK in the future.

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“…Cattle are also susceptible but remain largely asymptomatic, although some studies have reported clinical disease in cattle during BTv-8 outbreaks34. Cattle are however an important reservoir species for infection5, but susceptible wildlife species such as deer may play an important role in maintaining transmission67.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BTv-8 had not been reported in Europe between 2008 and 2015 but during the second half of 2015 an outbreak was reported in central France6 that continued into 2016. Given the distribution of BTv-8 in France in the winter of 2015/2016, the risk of introduction to the UK during 2016 was estimated to be high9.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These developments include: (i) better quantification of the extrinsic incubation period for BTv11; (ii) characterisation of the Culicoides vector populations in Scotland10181920; and (iii) demonstration of considerable host preference of the vector for cattle over sheep, such that when presented with a choice between feeding on a bovine or an ovine, between 80 and 90% of Culicoides that feed will take a blood meal from the bovine2122. This may in part explain observations in France during the 2006–2008 BTv-8 outbreaks of considerably greater prevalences in cattle compared to sheep6. Whilst other serotypes of BTv have circulated in Europe in recent years, we focus on BTv-8 due to it’s history and wide geographical extent of spread in NW Europe.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Assessing the potential for Bluetongue virus 8 to spread and vaccination strategies in Scotland

Bessell

Searle

Auty

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Europe has seen frequent outbreaks of Bluetongue (BT) disease since 2006, including an outbreak of BT virus serotype 8 in central France during 2015 that has continued to spread in Europe during 2016. Thus, assessing the potential for BTv-8 spread and determining the optimal deployment of vaccination is critical for contingency planning. We developed a spatially explicit mathematical model of BTv-8 spread in Scotland and explored the sensitivity of transmission to key disease spread parameters for which detailed empirical data is lacking. With parameters at mean values, there is little spread of BTv-8 in Scotland. However, under a “worst case” but still feasible scenario with parameters at the limits of their ranges and temperatures 1 °C warmer than the mean, we find extensive spread with 203,000 sheep infected given virus introduction to the south of Scotland between mid-May and mid-June. Strategically targeted vaccine interventions can greatly reduce BT spread. Specifically, despite BT having most clinical impact in sheep, we show that vaccination can have the greatest impact on reducing BTv infections in sheep when administered to cattle, which has implications for disease control policy.

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Re-Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 in France, 2015

Cited by 70 publications

References 13 publications

European Bluetongue Serotype 8: Disease Threat Assessment for U.S. Sheep

European Bluetongue Serotype 8: Disease Threat Assessment for U.S. Sheep

The impact of temperature changes on vector-borne disease transmission: Culicoides midges and bluetongue virus

Assessing the potential for Bluetongue virus 8 to spread and vaccination strategies in Scotland

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