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A major concern of social equity and environmental justice is whether urban green resources are equitably distributed across the compact megacities of China. Many previous studies have evaluated the disparities in park access among various social groups, but few researchers have considered the heterogeneity of the built environment in residential communities. This study revisits an increasingly popular Gaussian-two-step floating catchment area (G2SFCA) model and mainly improves its two core parameters, the comprehensive supply indicator and variable catchment, in order to realistically evaluate park accessibility under different travel modes. We choose Nanjing city, China, as the study case in which to evaluate differences in public park access with respect to gated and open communities using our improved model. Moreover, gated communities have been further divided into three categories, which represent differences in a community's ability to provide daily physical activities, to more deeply explore disparities in public park services. The results show that (1) the spatial accessibility of parks in Nanjing city is not evenly distributed, with communities located north of the Yangtze River having inferior park accessibility; (2) residents who live in open communities are more restricted with regard to access to parks than those in gated communities, although they experience relatively small differences under the walking mode; (3) gated communities with no internal park ("club park") enjoy better public park services; and (4) residents living in 105 open communities and 167 gated communities without a club park can be regarded as the most vulnerable groups based on the lack of park services. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for policy makers to target specific communities of vulnerable groups for further urban park development. and urban parks play a significant role in promoting people's well-being. However, these benefits can be enjoyed only when urban parks are easily and reasonably accessible to urban dwellers and have sufficient effective activity area and amenities. In addition, urban parks are often unevenly distributed across cities, which raises issues such as environmental justice. Therefore, accurately assessing park accessibility is important to identify spatial disparities and locations that require intervention.Access to parks is influenced by many objective factors (also called spatial factors) that can be interpreted on the basis of three main aspects: supply, demand, and the connection between them. Supply may include, but is not limited to park acreage and park quality [9]. Demand refers to population size and structure, such as the presence of children, senior citizens, and racial and religious groups [10]. Regarding the connection among these spatial factors in terms of issues such as geographic barriers, substantial evidence suggests that proximity, the physical road environment, and transport modes [11,12] from residential districts to parks are closely associated with ...
A major concern of social equity and environmental justice is whether urban green resources are equitably distributed across the compact megacities of China. Many previous studies have evaluated the disparities in park access among various social groups, but few researchers have considered the heterogeneity of the built environment in residential communities. This study revisits an increasingly popular Gaussian-two-step floating catchment area (G2SFCA) model and mainly improves its two core parameters, the comprehensive supply indicator and variable catchment, in order to realistically evaluate park accessibility under different travel modes. We choose Nanjing city, China, as the study case in which to evaluate differences in public park access with respect to gated and open communities using our improved model. Moreover, gated communities have been further divided into three categories, which represent differences in a community's ability to provide daily physical activities, to more deeply explore disparities in public park services. The results show that (1) the spatial accessibility of parks in Nanjing city is not evenly distributed, with communities located north of the Yangtze River having inferior park accessibility; (2) residents who live in open communities are more restricted with regard to access to parks than those in gated communities, although they experience relatively small differences under the walking mode; (3) gated communities with no internal park ("club park") enjoy better public park services; and (4) residents living in 105 open communities and 167 gated communities without a club park can be regarded as the most vulnerable groups based on the lack of park services. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for policy makers to target specific communities of vulnerable groups for further urban park development. and urban parks play a significant role in promoting people's well-being. However, these benefits can be enjoyed only when urban parks are easily and reasonably accessible to urban dwellers and have sufficient effective activity area and amenities. In addition, urban parks are often unevenly distributed across cities, which raises issues such as environmental justice. Therefore, accurately assessing park accessibility is important to identify spatial disparities and locations that require intervention.Access to parks is influenced by many objective factors (also called spatial factors) that can be interpreted on the basis of three main aspects: supply, demand, and the connection between them. Supply may include, but is not limited to park acreage and park quality [9]. Demand refers to population size and structure, such as the presence of children, senior citizens, and racial and religious groups [10]. Regarding the connection among these spatial factors in terms of issues such as geographic barriers, substantial evidence suggests that proximity, the physical road environment, and transport modes [11,12] from residential districts to parks are closely associated with ...
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has spread all over the world, significantly affecting our everyday lives. People changed their habits during the pandemic and made use of urban green spaces (UGS). Our Web of Science and Scopus queries confirm a knowledge gap in green space planning and public space management studies in the field of UGS availability during COVID-19. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban green spaces management, identify the needs of the residents in terms of urban green spaces furniture, and assess the accessibility of urban green spaces to propose recommendations for the institution charged with managing urban green spaces in the City (Krakow). To this end, we used an expert interview, spatial analyses, and survey research among residents of Krak ow, one of the largest cities in Poland. The survey involved 1350 respondents. The spatial analyses employed geoprocessing algorithms and GIS tools.The results showed that 96% of Krak ow citizens have access to urban green spaces within 300 m from their homes. Therefore, UGS are an important part of the City's identity, making their reasonable management vital, especially during crises. The respondents indicated that the existing UGS needed more lighting, rubbish bins, and benches as places of respite. Results of the expert interview showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected urban green spaces management. The results may influence urban green spaces management, and the research is an innovative combination of spatial analysis, a qualitative approach (expert interview), and a quantitative method (a survey) proposing new procedures for analysing UGS.
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