Ratios of Zn/trace element contents in prostate gland as carcinoma’s markers

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether significantchanges in the prostatic tissue levels of ratios Zn/trace element contents exist in the malignantly transformed prostate. Contents of 43 trace elementsin normal (N, n=37), benign hypertrophic (BPH, n=32) and cancerous human prostate (PCa, n=60) were investigated, and ratios Zn/traceelement contents were calculated.Measurements were performed using a combination of non-destructive and destructive methods: instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively.It was observed that the Zn/Ag, Zn/Al, Zn/Au, Zn/B, Zn/Be, Zn/Bi, Zn/Br, Zn/Cd, Zn/Ce, Zn/Co, Zn/ Cr, Zn/Cs, Zn/Dy, Zn/Er, Zn/Fe, Zn/Gd, Zn/Hg, Zn/Ho, Zn/La, Zn/Li, Zn/Mn, Zn/Mo, Zn/Nb, Zn/ Nd, Zn/Ni, Zn/Pb, Zn/Pr, Zn/Rb, Zn/Sb, Zn/Sc, Zn/Se, Zn/Sm, Zn/Sn, Zn/Tb, Zn/Th, Zn/Ti, Zn/Tl, Zn/Tm, Zn/U, Zn/Y, Zn/Yb, andZn/Zr mass fraction ratiosweresignificantlylowerincanceroustissuesthaninnormalandBPHprostate. Finally, we propose to use the Zn/Ag, Zn/Al, Zn/B, Zn/Be, Zn/Br, Zn/Cr, Zn/Fe, Zn/Mn, Zn/Rb, and Zn/Sb mass fraction ratios in a needle-biopsy core as an accurate tool to diagnose prostate cancer. Further studies on larger number of samples are required to confirm our findings and to investigate the impact of the trace element relationships on prostate cancer etiology.Correspondence to: Vladimir Zaichick, 4, Koroleyva St., MRRC,Obninsk 249036, Russia, Fax: 74959561440; Tel: 74843960289; E-mail: vezai@obninsk.com Key words: trace elements,trace element ratios, prostate, benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic carcinoma, neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Received: January 02, 2017; Accepted: January 19, 2017; Published: January 23, 2017 IntroductionThe prostate gland may be a source of many health problems in men past middle age, the most common being benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostatic carcinoma (PCa). BPH is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland leading to obstruction of the urethra and can significantly impair quality of life. The prevalence of histological BPH is found in approximately 50-60% of males age 40-50, in over 70% at 60 years old and in greater than 90% of men over 70 [1,2]. In many Western industrialized countries, including North America, PCa is the most frequently diagnosed form of noncutaneous malignancy in males and, except for lung cancer, is the leading cause of death from cancer [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Although the etiology of BPH and PCa is unknown, some trace elements have been highlighted in the literature in relation to the development of these prostate diseases .Trace elements have essential physiological functions such as maintenance and regulation of cell functionand signalling, gene regulation, activation or inhibition of enzymatic reactions, neurotransmission, and regulation of membrane function. Essential or toxic (mutagenic, carcinogenic) properties of trace elements depend on tissue-specific need or tolerance, respectively [30]. Excessive accumulation,...

A Systematic Review of the Zinc Concentrations in the Prostate Fluid of Normal and Inflamed Gland

“…In our previous studies the significant involvement of Zn, Ca, Mg, Rb and some other TEs in the function of the prostate was found [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] . Moreover, it was demonstrated that the changes of Zn content and levels of Zn/TE ratio in the prostate tissue can be used as biomarkers of prostate disorders [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] .…”

Ratios of Cadmium/Trace Element Contents in Prostate Gland as Carcinoma’s Markers

“…Obtained results formed the basis for a new method for differential diagnosis of BPH and PCa, the essence of which was to determine the ratios of chemical element contents changed in opposite directions during malignant transformation of prostate. For example, a significant informative value of Zn/Cd content as a tumor marker for PCa diagnostics was shown by us [70]. Hence it is possible that besides Zn, the ratio of Cd to other trace elements also can be used as tumor markers for distinguish between benign and malignant prostate.…”

A Systematic Review of the Calcium Content of the Normal Human Prostate Gland

“…Also published results indicate that prostatic Ca can play a significant role in etiology of PCa [17]. Further, the value of Ca level and the level ratio Zn/Ca and Ca/TEs as biomarkers of prostate pathology has been established [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The effects of Ca and all TEs are related to their concentration.…”