Rational synthesis of highly efficient ultra-narrow red-emitting carbon quantum dots for NIR-II two-photon bioimaging

Liu, Yanfeng; Gou, Huilin; Huang, Xin; Gao, Shan; Xi, Kai; Jia, Xudong

doi:10.1039/c9nr09524a

Cited by 97 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Chemical oxidation of large organic structures e.g., polyamide systems and carbohydrates, in an acidic condition using a strong acid ultimately produces CQDs. For example chemical oxidation of tris(4-aminophenyl)amine (TAPA) in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and hydrochloric acid results in the formation of CQDs (Liu Y. et al, 2020 ). Furthermore, one can use high energy external resources such as ultrasonic (Dang et al, 2016 ), micro-plasma (Ma et al, 2019 ), or arc discharges (Arora and Sharma, 2014 ) to break down large organic molecules or other carbon sources into smaller pieces.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Carbon Quantum Dotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method works by fusing and reconstructing small organic molecules to synthesize particles. There are different protocols method) (e.g., microwave assisted, pyrolytic process, and template to synthesize CQDs following the bottom-up approach (Tajik et al, 2020 ); however the hydrothermal method is the most popular process owing to its easy setup and the broadness of useable reactive materials (Shen and Xia, 2014 ; Jiang et al, 2015b ; Zhao et al, 2015 ; Wu et al, 2017 ; Mondal and Saha, 2019 ; Huang et al, 2020 ; Liu Y. et al, 2020 ). Indeed, in this approach small organic molecules, such as aspartic acid (Mondal and Saha, 2019 ), and cysteine (Huang et al, 2020 ), or easily decomposable organic biomasses such as garlic (Zhao et al, 2015 ), or grapefruit peel (Xiao et al, 2018 ) are used as starting materials.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Carbon Quantum Dotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all aforementioned methods, the final mixture, including residual starting materials and CQD particles with different sizes, are transferred into a dialysis bag or loaded onto a chromatographic column for further purification (Liu et al, 2018 ). Several techniques such as FT-IR, UV-visible, and photoluminescence (PL), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been extensively employed to characterize CQDs (Liu et al, 2016 ; Fu et al, 2019 ; Ma et al, 2019 ; Liu Y. et al, 2020 ). For instance, FT-IR and XPS have enabled researchers to identify and/or confirm surface functionality groups (e.g., –OH, –NH-, –SH), UV-visible spectroscopy along with PL have been used to investigate optical features of CQDs (vide infra).…”

Section: Synthesis Of Carbon Quantum Dotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a newly developed division of carbon-based nanomaterials (e.g., nanodiamond, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphene oxide) which are environmentally friendly, chemically stable, and reasonably conductive (Lim et al, 2015 ; Cayuela et al, 2016 ; Liu et al, 2016 ; Namdari et al, 2017 ; Molaei, 2020 ). These basic properties have attracted a wide range of researchers to employ CQDs in various applications including biomedical and biotechnological applications (Namdari et al, 2017 ; Iravani and Varma, 2020 ), dye-synthesized solar cells (Gao et al, 2020 ), light-emitting devices, (Yuan et al, 2018 ; He et al, 2020 ) imaging and bioimaging (Zhu et al, 2012 ; Jiang et al, 2015a ; Smith and Gambhir, 2017 ; Panwar et al, 2019 ; Liu Y. et al, 2020 ), electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence studies (Wang and Dai, 2015 ; Fiorani et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2020 ; Kour et al, 2020 ; Zhong et al, 2020 ), and sensing (Li et al, 2019 ; Huang et al, 2020 ; Molaei, 2020 ; Tajik et al, 2020 ). More importantly, CQDs possess outstanding optical features, including a bright and tunable luminescence emission within a wide range of wavelengths (Sun et al, 2006 ; Wang et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More importantly, CQDs possess outstanding optical features, including a bright and tunable luminescence emission within a wide range of wavelengths (Sun et al, 2006 ; Wang et al, 2017 ). The emission wavelength is easily altered by the size of CQDs and their composition, which can be obtained using different starting materials and/or synthesis methodology (Jiang et al, 2015a ; Lim et al, 2015 ; Wang et al, 2017 ; Zhou et al, 2019 ; Huang et al, 2020 ; Liu Y. et al, 2020 ). Thus, this optical tunability of CQDs is being utilized for applications in photodetection platforms (Gao et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

A Perspective on Application of Carbon Quantum Dots in Luminescence Immunoassays

Hesari

Ding

2020

Front. Chem.

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Section: Synthesis Of Carbon Quantum Dotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis Of Carbon Quantum Dotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis Of Carbon Quantum Dotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Perspective on Application of Carbon Quantum Dots in Luminescence Immunoassays

Hesari

Ding

2020

Front. Chem.

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Advance of Near‐Infrared Emissive Carbon Dots in Diagnosis and Therapy: Synthesis, Luminescence, and Application

Hu,

Zheng,

Yang

et al. 2024

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Carbon dots (CDs) with good optical properties, biocompatibility, easy functionalization, and small size have attracted more and more attention and laid a good foundation for their applications in the biomedicine field. CDs emitted in near‐infrared regions (NIR‐CDs) can achieve high penetration depth imaging and produce high cytotoxic substance for disease treatment. Therefore, NIR‐CDs are promising materials to realize high‐quality imaging‐guided diagnostic and therapeutic integration. This review first introduces the current mainstream synthesis methods of NIR‐CDs by “top–down” and “bottom–up”. Second, the luminescence modes of NIR‐CDs are introduced, and the luminescence mechanisms based on carbon core state, surface state, molecular state, and crosslinking enhanced emission are summarized. Third, the applications and principles of NIR‐CDs in imaging, drug delivery, and non‐invasive therapeutics are introduced from a view of diagnosis and therapy. Finally, their prospects and challenges in biomedical and biotechnological applications are outlined.

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Hydrothermal Synthesis of High‐Yield Red Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Ultra‐Narrow Emission by Controlled O/N Elements

Xian

2022

Advanced Materials

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are less than 30 nm, but only one is prepared by hydrothermal method, and the other reaction systems are organic solvents, as shown in Table S1 (Supporting Information). [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] However, low fluorescence quantum yield (QY) can limit their applications. For instance, white light emitting diodes only based on luminescent materials with low QY are difficult to realize. [15] Among the reports on the red fluorescent carbon dots (r-CDs) prepared by the environmentally friendly hydrothermal method, only four papers have QY over 40%, but their monochromaticity is very low (FWHMs > 80 nm, visual inspection) and purification requires the troublesome dialysis or column chromatography. [16][17][18][19] The higher product yield stands for a more economical method and the higher efficiency. But there are only four articles on the preparation of highyield CDs by hydrothermal method with a yield of >35%. [20][21][22][23] And three of them are blue emission, one is green emission, no red emission, and their FWHMs are all over 80 nm by visual inspection. There is no report on the preparation of r-CDs that simultaneously takes into account the environmental protection, the fluorescence monochromaticity, QY, and the yield. In this work, the hydrothermal method was used to prepare the r-CDs with double emission peaks (600 nm and 658-683 nm), ultra-narrow FWHMs (20 and 30 nm), and high yield (83.3%).At present, the several main emission mechanisms of CDs have been proposed, such as the quantum confineme effect, the surface state, the molecule state, and the aggregation-induced emission (AIE). [24][25] In this work, the long-wavelength side emission of r-CDs belongs to AIE, and its longest emission wavelength (683 nm) reaches the near infrared region, which benefits from deeper penetration due to the minimum autofluorescence and reduced light scattering, offering a great imaging contrast and spatial resolution. [7] The AIE regularly blue shifts with the decrease of r-CDs concentration and the logarithmic relationship of y = 8.853ln(x) + 688.53 is obtained for the first time, where y is emission wavelength and x is concentration of r-CDs. It may be caused by the regular decrease of r-CDs aggregate size with the decrease of r-CDs concentration in solution. And the presence of the r-CDs aggregates is confirmed by the light scattering phenomenon of different concentrations of r-CDs solution and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Red fluorescent carbon dots (r-CDs) with narrow dual emissions (600 nm and 658-683 nm, full width at half-maximums (FWHMs) of 20 nm and 30 nm), fluorescence quantum yield of 41.0%, and yield of 83.3% are prepared by hydrothermal method using o-phenylenediamine as precursor and inorganic oxidant as yield enhancer, and they have graphite nitrate-like structures. The long-wavelength side emission is aggregation-induced emission (AIE). A logarithmic relationship between the AIE wavelength (y) and the concentration (x) (y = 8.853ln(x) + 688.53, R = 0.998) is found. This regularity and the hig...

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Rational synthesis of highly efficient ultra-narrow red-emitting carbon quantum dots for NIR-II two-photon bioimaging

Abstract: Ultra-narrow red-emitting carbon quantum dots with a high PLQY are rationally synthesized for NIR-II triggered two-photon bioimaging.

Cited by 97 publications

References 54 publications

A Perspective on Application of Carbon Quantum Dots in Luminescence Immunoassays

A Perspective on Application of Carbon Quantum Dots in Luminescence Immunoassays

Advance of Near‐Infrared Emissive Carbon Dots in Diagnosis and Therapy: Synthesis, Luminescence, and Application

Hydrothermal Synthesis of High‐Yield Red Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Ultra‐Narrow Emission by Controlled O/N Elements

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