Rational Phosphorus Application Facilitates the Sustainability of the Wheat/Maize/Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System

Chen, Yuanxue; Zhou, Tao; Zhang, Chaochun; Wang, Ke; Liu, Jing; Lu, Junyu; Xu, Kaiwei

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141725

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Series of field trials were conducted to evaluate the role of foliar P in supplementing the soil with applied P and in enhancing maize and wheat yields. Foliar P as 0 and 144 mM KH 2 PO 4 [ 56 ] was sprayed on maize and wheat in addition to 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P ha −1 applied [ 60 ] either through a broadcast or band method (5 cm away from seeds, 5 cm deep).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus Nutrient Management through Synchronization of Application Methods and Rates in Wheat and Maize Crops

Rafiullah

Khan

Muhammad

et al. 2020

Plants

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Management of inorganic fertilizer is very important to obtain maximum crop yield and improved nutrient use efficiency in cereal crops. Fixation of phosphatic fertilizers in alkaline soils due to calcareousness is one of the major hurdles. It induces phosphorus nutritional stress that can decrease the yield of maize and wheat. Selection of a suitable application method and proper stage of crop for phosphorus (P) fertilizer has prime importance in better uptake of P and crop production. Among different application methods, soil and foliar application are widely adopted. In wheat and maize, knee height + tasseling and stem elongation + booting are critical stages towards P deficiency. That is why field trials were conducted to evaluate the supplemental effect of foliar P on maize and wheat yields. For that, 144 mM KH2PO4 was applied as foliar at knee height + tasseling and stem elongation + boot stages in maize and wheat, respectively. Soil application of 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P ha−1 was done through broadcast and band methods. Results showed that foliar spray of 144 mM KH2PO4 at knee height + tasseling and stem elongation + boot stages in wheat and maize significantly enhanced grains yield and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) where P was applied as banding or broadcast at the time of sowing. A significant decreasing trend in response to increasing soil P levels validated the efficacious role and suitability of foliar P. In conclusion, the use of P as foliar at knee height + tasseling and stem elongation + boot stages is an efficacious way to manage P fertilizer.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus Nutrient Management through Synchronization of Application Methods and Rates in Wheat and Maize Crops

Rafiullah

Khan

Muhammad

et al. 2020

Plants

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“…The area of this study is located in Southwest of China, one of the most populated agricultural regions, where annual planting systems include crop rotation and intercropping with the dominant cropping system of wheat-maize-soybean relay strip intercropping (Chen et al, 2015). In this system, wheat and soybean are rotated as a double crop in the same strips of maize, where wheat is planted and harvested first, and then soybean is planted (Du et al, 2018).…”

Section: To Determine An Optimum Planting Time Of Soybean For Msrimentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized planting time and co‐growth duration reduce the yield difference between intercropped and sole soybean by enhancing soybean resilience toward size‐asymmetric competition

Ahmed

Raza

Yuan

et al. 2020

Food and Energy Security

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Selecting optimum planting time (PT) in maize–soybean relay intercropping system (MSRI) is important to obtain higher intercrop yields because planting time decides the co‐growth duration and competitive ability of intercrop species in MSRI. However, little is known on how planting time (co‐growth duration) changes the interspecific interaction resulting in a seed‐yield difference between intercropping and sole cropping system. Therefore, this field study was initiated to determine the effects of changing co‐growth duration on competitive interactions, growth, and yield of intercrop species under MSRI. The sole soybean and relay‐cropped soybean were planted on PT1 (15–20 May, 90 days of co‐growth duration in MSRI); PT2 (5–10 June, 70 days of co‐growth duration in MSRI); and PT3 (25–30 June, 50 days of co‐growth duration in MSRI) to generate different size‐asymmetric competition between component crops in MSRI. Results showed that sole soybean produced the mean highest (2.93 t/ha) seed yield under PT2, and the mean lowest (2.51 t/ha) seed yield under PT1. However, in MSRI, PT3 increased the soybean yield by 29.1% and 13.3% compared to PT1 and PT2, respectively. The PT3 also increased the maize yield by 7.4% and 2.9% than PT1 and PT2, respectively, and it reduced the yield differences of maize and soybean between relay intercropping and sole cropping systems. In MSRI, decreased co‐growth duration promoted the soybean plants to achieve the higher crop growth rate, and biomass accumulation, which ultimately improved the soybean resilience toward size‐asymmetric competition created by maize plants. Furthermore, as compared to PT1 and PT2, planting time PT3 significantly increased the competitive ratio (by 10.1% and 17.3%, respectively) of soybean plants. Overall, the PT3 achieved the average highest land equivalent ratio of 1.63, which is significantly higher than PT1 (by 12.3%) and PT2 (by 10.6%). In conclusion, this study implied that in MSRI, the determination of proper soybean planting time (co‐growth duration) is one of the most critical factors to reduce the competition between the intercrops and to obtain higher crop yields.

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“…However, most of the studies of these intercropping systems have focused on understanding the mechanisms behind P uptake in terms of complementarity and facilitation, and have provided convincing evidence of the specific rhizosphere processes that are involved [21,22]. There are also some data available on optimizing fertilizer P application, the recovery of P fertilizer, and P accumulation in soil in maize-based intercropping systems under field conditions over periods of several years [23][24][25][26][27]. However, to our knowledge, there are very few reports on grain nutritional quality or mineral changes in relation to P, and others, in the aforementioned cereal/legume intercropping systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Luxury Absorption of Phosphorus Exists in Maize When Intercropping with Legumes or Oilseed Rape—Covering Different Locations and Years

et al. 2019

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Rational regulation of phosphorus (P) use in the soil–rhizosphere–plant system is challenging in the development of sustainable, intensive, and healthy agriculture. Rational maize (Zea mays L.) based intercropping with legumes/oilseed rape across six experimental sites from 2008 to 2017 proved advantageous over monoculture in terms of both maize biomass production and P uptake. The partial land equivalent ratio (PLER) for P uptake by intercropped maize averaged from 0.58 to 0.92, which was significantly higher than that for biomass production (0.51–0.78), indicating that the advantage of P acquisition by intercropped maize was superior to that of biomass accumulation. It was the excessive accumulation of P in intercropped maize compared to monoculture, especially higher P concentrations in grains that led to the superior P acquisition advantage and luxury absorption of P. P concentrations in maize grains were significantly increased from 1.89–2.91 mg kg−1 in monoculture to 2.09–3.65 mg kg−1, in intercropping, by 8.3%–25.5%. The plant internal P use efficiency of maize was significantly decreased from the initial 411.7–775.7 kg kg−1 in monoculture to 345.7–710.4 kg kg−1 in intercropping by 4.9%–16.0%, and 100 kg maize grain P quantities were significantly increased from 0.25–0.46 kg to 0.27–0.54 kg by 7.0%–17.4%. Rational fertilizer P input maximized maize yields and P use without decreasing the interspecific ecological advantages and harvest indexes of grain yields and P. These findings promoted better understanding of P allocation status within maize plants, and yield and P acquisition advantages through the exploitation of the biological potential of plants for the efficient utilization of P resources in diverse species combinations.

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Rational Phosphorus Application Facilitates the Sustainability of the Wheat/Maize/Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System

Cited by 13 publications

References 33 publications

Phosphorus Nutrient Management through Synchronization of Application Methods and Rates in Wheat and Maize Crops

Phosphorus Nutrient Management through Synchronization of Application Methods and Rates in Wheat and Maize Crops

Optimized planting time and co‐growth duration reduce the yield difference between intercropped and sole soybean by enhancing soybean resilience toward size‐asymmetric competition

Luxury Absorption of Phosphorus Exists in Maize When Intercropping with Legumes or Oilseed Rape—Covering Different Locations and Years

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