Rational design of SnO2@C@MnO2 hierarchical hollow hybrid nanospheres for a Li-ion battery anode with enhanced performances

SnO2@MoO2/Carbon Ternary Hollow Nanocomposites with Robust Shell as High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion‐Battery Anodes

“…[31,34] Moreover, the oxidation peak of about 0.64 V is due to the Li x Sn alloying. [35,40] The anodic peak of 1.42 V is assigned to the oxidation procedure of Li x MoO 2 to Mo and Li 2 O. [24,26] Notably, the redox peaks of MoO 2 in the CV curve are very weak due to the combination of MoO 2 and C, which is a normal phenomenon reported in other related references.…”

“…The high-resolution XPS in Figure 4c for Sn 3p can fit two obvious peaks at 487.2 and 495.4 eV, which are indexed to Sn3d 5/2 and Sn3d 3/2 . [35,43,45] In Figure 4d, the two peaks at 230.2 and 233.2 eV with the energy separation of 3.0 eV correspond to Mo3d 5/2 and Mo3d 3/2 states of Mo 4 + , while the peaks at 235.9 eV and 232.3 eV correspond to Mo 6 + , which may be caused by the partial oxidation of MoO 2 . [16,[46][47][48] In the O 1s spectrum ( Figure S7), the peaks at 530.8 eV and 530.2 eV correspond to MoÀ O and SnÀ O bonds, respectively.…”

“…(1) The SnO 2 hollow inner layer can alleviate the volume expansion of anode nanomaterials during repeated cycles, leading to the enhanced cyclic stability. [40,54] (2) The conductive carbon layer can not only validly enhance the electronic conductivity of SnMoCHNs (Figure 6f), [31,35] but also relieve the pulverization and self-aggregation of SnO 2 and MoO 2 nanoparticles, [4,36] thus enhancing the utilization efficiency of SnO 2 and MoO 2 nanoparticles, rate capability and cyclic stability. (3) The high surface area of SnMoCHNs can provide sufficient active sites for intercalation/deintercalation Li reactions, resulting in the high discharge capacity ( Figure 5).…”

“…(3) The high surface area of SnMoCHNs can provide sufficient active sites for intercalation/deintercalation Li reactions, resulting in the high discharge capacity ( Figure 5). [30,34] (4) The flexible carbon layer, MoO 2 nanoparticles embedding in the carbon layer and the SnO 2 hollow inner layer as the skeleton can synergistically reinforce the shell of hollow nanocomposites, [35,40] thus validly maintaining the structural integrity and inhibiting the collapse of hollow nanocomposites during repeated charge/discharge processes. It is easy to find that the collapsing hollow nanospheres for SnMoCHNs after 300 cycles can hardly be observed (Figure 7a-b), indicating their good structural stability and integrality.…”

Core‐Shell Structure of SnO2@C/PEDOT : PSS Microspheres with Dual Protection Layers for Enhanced Lithium Storage Performance

“…[15] One effective tactic is nanocrystallization of SnO 2 by constructing nanostructures, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanosheets, nanotubes, hollow nanospheres, and nanocubes, which have been extensive investigated as anodes of LIBs. [16][17][18][19] This strategy provides efficient benefits that the inner-strain is efficiently mitigated and the charge-diffusion route for both ions and electrons is shortened. The integration of anode material within a carbon matrix is another approach to buffer the volume changes, together increasing the electrical conductivity and structural stability of whole electrode.…”