Ratings of Perceived Exertion and Self-reported Mood State in Response to High Intensity Interval Training. A Crossover Study on the Effect of Chronotype

Vitale, Jacopo Antonino; Torre, Antonio La; Baldassarre, R.; Piacentini, Maria Francesca; Bonato, Matteo

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01232

Cited by 36 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It is crucial, in future longitudinal studies, to control for potential confounding factors, such as competing synchronizers, noncontrolled diet, environmental conditions, exercise characteristics (time of day, mode, intensity and duration), and inter-individual variability with the aim to reduce the methodological bias. With reference to the inter-individual variability, it results essential to highlight that the subjects' chronotype is able to largely influence and affect behavioural, physiological, and bio-psychological characteristics and, consequently, the circadian system in general (Adan et al, 2012;Bonato et al, 2017a;Bonato et al, 2017b;Montaruli et al, 2017;Rossi et al, 2015;Roveda et al, 2017a;Vitale et al, 2013;Vitale et al, 2015;Vitale et al, 2017a;Vitale et al, 2017b;Vitale et al, 2017c;Vitale et al, 2017d). The correct chronobiologic approach to the problem and the standardization of all confounding factors are needed to reach more clear evidence-based results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological rhythms, chronodisruption and chrono-enhancement: The role of physical activity as synchronizer in correcting steroids circadian rhythm in metabolic dysfunctions and cancer

Vitale

Lombardi

Weydahl

et al. 2018

Chronobiology International

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Rhythms can be observed at all levels of the biologic integration in humans. The observation that a biological or physiological variable shows a circadian rhythm can be explained by several multifactorial systems including external (exogenous), internal (endogenous) and psychobiological (lifestyle) mechanisms. Our body clock can be synchronized with the environment by external factors, called "synchronizers", i.e. the light-dark cycle, but it is also negatively influenced by some pathological conditions or factors, called "chronodisruptors," i.e. aging or low physical activity (PA). The desynchronization of a 24-h rhythm in a chronic manner has been recently defined "chronodisruption" or "circadian disruption." A very large number of hormonal variables, such as adrenal and gonadal stress steroids, are governed by circadian rhythmicity. Such hormones, in normal conditions, show a peak in the first part of the day, while their typical diurnal fluctuations are totally out of sync in subjects affected by cancer or metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In general, a flatter slope with altered peaks in cortisol and testosterone circadian rhythms has been observed in pathological individuals. PA, specifically chronic exercise, seems to play a key role as synchronizer for the whole circadian system in such pathologies even if specific data on steroids circadian pattern are still sparse and contradictory. Recently, it has been proposed that low-intensity chronic PA could be an effective intervention to decrease morning cortisol levels in pathological subjects. The standardization of all confounding factors is needed to reach more clear evidence-based results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological rhythms, chronodisruption and chrono-enhancement: The role of physical activity as synchronizer in correcting steroids circadian rhythm in metabolic dysfunctions and cancer

Vitale

Lombardi

Weydahl

et al. 2018

Chronobiology International

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“…On the other hand, E-types show delayed acrophases of oral temperature (+2 hours) and serum cortisol (+55 minutes) circadian rhythms as compared to M-types [29,30]. It is also important to note that chronotype can also affect human cognitive and physical performance [19,31]. It was shown that M-types have greater vigor levels and higher memory task scores in the morning compared to E-types [31,32] and, in addition, morning-oriented subjects registered faster race times in the morning for the half marathon, full marathon, and 200-m swimming trial than the other chronotypes [33,34].…”

Section: Chronobiology Biological Rhythms and Chronotypementioning

confidence: 99%

Heart Rate Variability in Sport Performance: Do Time of Day and Chronotype Play A Role?

Vitale

Bonato

Torre

et al. 2019

JCM

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A reliable non-invasive method to assess autonomic nervous system activity involves the evaluation of the time course of heart rate variability (HRV). HRV may vary in accordance with the degree and duration of training, and the circadian fluctuation of this variable is crucial for human health since the heart adapts to the needs of different activity levels during sleep phases or in the daytime. In the present review, time-of-day and chronotype effect on HRV in response to acute sessions of physical activity are discussed. Results are sparse and controversial; however, it seems that evening-type subjects have a higher perturbation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), with slowed vagal reactivation and higher heart rate values in response to morning exercise than morning types. Conversely, both chronotype categories showed similar ANS activity during evening physical tasks, suggesting that this time of day seems to perturb the HRV circadian rhythm to a lesser extent. The control for chronotype and time-of-day effect represents a key strategy for individual training schedules, and, in perspective, for primary injury prevention.

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“…In addition to performance, chronotype influences time of day differences in psychophysiological responses to exertion, including rate of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HRV) and mood [3819283139] reviewed in [40]. Although peak athletic performance generally coincides with peak body temperature in early evening, daily peaks in body temperature, melatonin and serum cortisol differ between morning and evening chronotypes [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most studies to date have focused on self-reported RPE or fatigue scores as measures of physiological effort, with relatively few studies including biological measures of physical exertion (i.e. hormones such as cortisol or salivary alpha-amylase) (but see [4393]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian Effects on Performance and Effort in Collegiate Swimmers

Anderson¹,

Murray²,

Herlihy³

et al. 2018

Journal of Circadian Rhythms

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Although individual athletic performance generally tends to peak in the evening, individuals who exhibit a strong diurnal preference perform better closer to their circadian peak. Time-of-day performance effects are influenced by circadian phenotype (diurnal preference and chronotype—sleep-wake patterns), homeostatic energy reserves and, potentially, genotype, yet little is known about how these factors influence physiological effort. Here, we investigate the effects of time of day, diurnal preference, chronotype, and PER3 (a circadian clock gene) genotype on both effort and performance in a population of Division I collegiate swimmers (n = 27). Participants competed in 200m time trials at 7:00 and 19:00 and were sampled pre- and post-trial for salivary α-amylase levels (as a measure of physiological effort), allowing for per-individual measures of performance and physiological effort. Hair samples were collected for genotype analysis (a variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PER3). Our results indicate significant and parallel time-of-day by circadian phenotype effects on swim performance and effort; evening-type swimmers swam on average 6% slower with 50% greater α-amylase levels in the morning than they did in the evening, and morning types required 5–7 times more effort in the evening trial to achieve the same performance result as the morning trial. In addition, our results suggest that these performance effects may be influenced by gene (circadian clock gene PER3 variants) by environment (time of day) interactions. Participants homozygous for the PER34,4 length variant (rs57875989) or who possess a single G-allele at PER3 SNP rs228697 swam 3–6% slower in the morning. Overall, these results suggest that intra-individual variation in athletic performance and effort with time of day is associated with circadian phenotype and PER3 genotype.

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Ratings of Perceived Exertion and Self-reported Mood State in Response to High Intensity Interval Training. A Crossover Study on the Effect of Chronotype

Cited by 36 publications

References 37 publications

Biological rhythms, chronodisruption and chrono-enhancement: The role of physical activity as synchronizer in correcting steroids circadian rhythm in metabolic dysfunctions and cancer

Biological rhythms, chronodisruption and chrono-enhancement: The role of physical activity as synchronizer in correcting steroids circadian rhythm in metabolic dysfunctions and cancer

Heart Rate Variability in Sport Performance: Do Time of Day and Chronotype Play A Role?

Circadian Effects on Performance and Effort in Collegiate Swimmers

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