Rates at Which Toxaphene Concentrations Decrease in Lake Trout from the Great Lakes

Glassmeyer, Susan T.; Vault, David S. De; Hites, Ronald A.

doi:10.1021/es990924q

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Two OC residue data sets stand out as being very poorly described by the first‐order decay model: One was total PCBs for the Charlevoix/Little Traverse Bay, which was explained above, and the other was lack of change for toxaphene concentrations in smelt collected from Lake Superior (Table 5). This maintenance of a continued high toxaphene concentration in fish from Lake Superior versus declining trends observed in the other lakes has been reported by other investigators [27–29]. Glassmeyer et al [28] were the first to make this observation for lake trout and smelt, when they compared the concentration in fish collected in Lake Superior in 1982 and 1992 to the corresponding concentrations of toxaphene in 1982 and 1992 collections from the other four Great Lakes.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Time trends (1983–1999) for organochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) from lakes michigan, huron, and superior, USA

Chernyak

Rice²,

Quintal

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The U.S. Geological Service Great Lakes Science Center has archived rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) collected from the early 1980s to the present. These fish were collected to provide time- and site-dependent contaminant residue data needed by researchers and managers to fill critical data gaps regarding trends and behavior of persistent organic contaminants in the Great Lakes ecosystem. In the present study, data are presented for concentrations of several organochlorine (OC) contaminants in the archived smelt, including DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), toxaphene, and chlordanes in Lakes Michigan and Huron (MI, USA) and in Lake Superior (MN, USA). The trends for all the OCs were declining as a first-order decay over the sampled time series (1983/1985-1993/1999) with the exception of toxaphene in Lake Superior and PCBs at the Charlevoix/Little Traverse Bay site in Lake Michigan. Concentration of the emerging contaminant, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), also was traced from its apparent entry into this ecosystem in approximately 1980 until 1999. Time trends for the PBDEs were increasing exponentially at all sites, with concentration-doubling times varying from 1.58 to 2.94 years.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Time trends (1983–1999) for organochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) from lakes michigan, huron, and superior, USA

Chernyak

Rice²,

Quintal

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The total toxaphene and toxaphene congener concentrations in SRM 1945 and SRM 1946 were within less than a factor of 2 of each other; total toxaphene in SRM 1945 was 1,210 ng g -1 wet mass (127 ng g -1 wet mass) versus 1,960 ng g -1 wet mass (133 ng g -1 wet mass) in SRM 1946. Total toxaphene in SRM 1946 is in the range previously observed in Lake Superior lake trout [11,26]. Total toxaphene and toxaphene congeners in SRM 1588a were higher relative to the concentrations in the other SRMs (Table 3).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…A number of countries, however, may continue to use toxaphene [10]. Toxaphene is persistent in the environment and responsible for fish consumption advisories in some locations [11]. Toxaphene is an analytically challenging mixture due to the often hundreds of congeners present in a sample, the presence of numerous stereoisomers, the limited availability of authentic standards of individual congeners, and the potential for interference from other compounds [12,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners and toxaphene in selected marine standard reference materials

Kucklick

Tuerk

Pol

et al. 2004

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

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Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and components of the complex mixture toxaphene are stable in the environment and readily bioaccumulated into wildlife and human tissues. PBDEs are presently used in large quantities worldwide as flame retardants in textiles, furniture, computer equipment, and cables. Toxaphene is a complex mixture of chlorinated bornanes and bornenes that was the most heavily used pesticide in the United States until it was banned in 1982; however, some countries continue to use toxaphene. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has quantified PBDE congeners and toxaphene in several available Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) using methods of gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) and GC negative chemical ionization (NCI) MS, respectively. SRM 1588a Organics in Cod Liver Oil and SRM 1945 Organics in Whale Blubber were examined for PBDE congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154, total toxaphene, and toxaphene congeners 26, 50, and 62. SRM 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue was also examined for total toxaphene and toxaphene congeners. The sum of the PBDE congeners (mean, (1 SD) wet basis) for SRM 1945 was 150 ng g(-1) (7 ng g(-1)). The concentration of PBDE 47 in SRM 1588a was 82.7 ng g(-1) (2.8 ng g(-1)). Other PBDEs were detected in SRM 1588a but were not quantified due their low levels. The total toxaphene (wet mass basis) was 1,210 ng g(-1) (127 ng g(-1)), 1,960 ng g(-1) (133 ng g(-1)), and 3,980 ng g(-1) (248 ng g(-1)) in SRMs 1945, 1946, and 1588a, respectively. The values for PBDEs and toxaphene determined in the SRMs, while not certified, indicate that the SRMs will be suitable control materials for PBDE and toxaphene analyses.

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“…Evidence from peat cores [7] in the Great Lakes region and western Canada [8] and sediment from Lake Ontario [9] and Siskiwit Lake on Isle Royale in Lake Superior [10] indicates that atmospheric deposition of toxaphene and other OCPs peaked in the 1960s to 1970s and declined into the 1980s. Toxaphene residues remained constant with an insignificant rate of decline in Lake Superior trout between 1977 and 1992, although levels declined in the other Great Lakes with half lives of 1.4 to 5 years [12,13]. Toxaphene residues remained constant with an insignificant rate of decline in Lake Superior trout between 1977 and 1992, although levels declined in the other Great Lakes with half lives of 1.4 to 5 years [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Air–water Gas Exchange of Toxaphene in Lake Superior

Jantunen¹,

Bidleman²

2003

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Parallel air and water samples were collected in Lake Superior during August 1996 and May 1997, to determine the levels and air-water exchange direction of toxaphene. Concentration of toxaphene in water did not vary across Lake Superior or between seasons (averaging 918 +/- 218 pg/L) but atmospheric levels were lower in May (12 +/- 4.6 pg/m3) than in August (28 +/- 10 pg/m3). Two recalcitrant congeners, Parlar 26 and 50, also were determined. These congeners were enriched in the air samples, compared to a standard of technical toxaphene, but not in the water. Water-air fugacity ratios varied from 1.4 to 2.6 in August and 1.3 to 4.7 in May, implying volatilization of toxaphene from the lake. Estimated net fluxes ranged from 5.4 to 13 and 1.8 to 6.4 nm/m2d, respectively. The temperature dependence of toxaphene partial pressure (P) in air was log P/Pa = -3.291/T(a) + 1.67, where T(a) is air temperature. By using this relationship, the atmospheric levels of toxaphene, fugacity ratios, and net fluxes were estimated for the entire year. Fugacity ratios were highest in the winter and lowest in the summer; thus toxaphene was predicted to undergo net volatilization from the lake during all months. A net removal of approximately 220 kg/year by gas exchange was estimated.

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Rates at Which Toxaphene Concentrations Decrease in Lake Trout from the Great Lakes

Cited by 28 publications

References 15 publications

Time trends (1983–1999) for organochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) from lakes michigan, huron, and superior, USA

Time trends (1983–1999) for organochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) from lakes michigan, huron, and superior, USA

Polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners and toxaphene in selected marine standard reference materials

Air–water Gas Exchange of Toxaphene in Lake Superior

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