Rate of formation of black crusts on marble. A case study

Bugini, Roberto; Tabasso, Marisa Laurenzi; Realini, Marco

doi:10.1016/s1296-2074(00)00161-8

Cited by 39 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Such inelastic deformations due to chemical reactions are strongly corroborated by experimental evidence [17]. The surface z = ψ (e, c) is schematically represented in Figure 2.…”

Section: A Particular Form Of the Specific Free Energysupporting

confidence: 62%

Chemomechanical Equilibrium of Bars

2006

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The chemomechanical equilibrium of an elastic bar in contact with a chemically aggressive environment is considered. In the proposed model, we neglect dissipative phenomena associated with entropy production and we surmise that equilibrium states are minimizers of the free energy of the system. The free energy depends upon the axial strain in the bar and the degree of reaction of its constituent material with an external agent which is dispersed in a surrounding vapor or liquid solution. The chemical potential of the external agent is assigned. In general, the corresponding minimization problem is nonconvex and it predicts the coexistence of equilibrium phases, induced by mechanical loading and/or environmental chemical composition. The model is germane to the description of several phenomena, such as the swelling of ionic gels in a solvent of varying pH, or the formation of expanding crusts in stone monuments due to acid rain or an otherwise polluted atmosphere. Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000)74B20 · 74E40 · 74F25 · 74G55 · 74N25

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“…Such inelastic deformations due to chemical reactions are strongly corroborated by experimental evidence [17]. The surface z = ψ (e, c) is schematically represented in Figure 2.…”

Section: A Particular Form Of the Specific Free Energysupporting

confidence: 62%

Chemomechanical Equilibrium of Bars

2006

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“…Laminar black crusts of the oolitic limestone (Moropoulou et al 1998;Bugini et al 2000) or the stabile blisters and the very slowly exfoliating black crusts in Oxford (Viles, 1993). The removal of scaling and blistering crusts occurs within few years (Figs 21 and 22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oolitic limestone in a polluted atmospheric environment in Budapest: weathering phenomena and alterations in physical properties

Török

2002

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In Budapest damage due to atmospheric pollution on many public buildings is severe. Black encrustations, white crusts and other decay features of a soft oolitic limestone have been studied in detail by using field measurements and laboratory analyses. Limestone weathering was assessed by description of weathering forms, by on-site petrophysical tests (Duroscope, Schmidt hammer, water absorption) and by laboratory mineralogical assessment and thermoanalysis (X-ray diffraction, Derivatograph). There is a clear correlation between the organic carbon content in stone and location of the site, particularly in the polluted city centre. Gypsum, which is not an indigenous mineral in the limestone, can contribute up to 70% of the crust composition and indicates the importance of air-derived SO2. This mineralogical change in stone composition leads to changes in physical properties, by strengthening laminar black crusts and white case hardened crusts and weakening the host rock.

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“…The formation of sulfuric acid on stonework causes the chemical transformation of insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) into calcium sulfate dehydrate or gypsum (CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O) (1,2,4). During the crystallization of gypsum, airborne pollutants, such as carbonaceous particles, are embedded in the mineral matrix and cause blackening in sheltered areas.…”

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confidence: 99%

Improved Methodology for Bioremoval of Black Crusts on Historical Stone Artworks by Use of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria

Cappitelli

Zanardini

Ranalli

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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An improved methodology to remove black crusts from stone by using Desulfovibrio vulgaris subsp. vulgaris ATCC 29579, a sulfate-reducing bacterium, is presented. The strain removed 98% of the sulfates of the crust in a 45-h treatment. Precipitation of black iron sulfide was avoided using filtration of a medium devoid of iron. Among three cell carriers, Carbogel proved to be superior to both sepiolite and Hydrobiogel-97, as it allowed an easy application of the bacteria, kept the system in a state where microbial activity was maintained, and allowed easy removal of the cells after the treatment.

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Rate of formation of black crusts on marble. A case study

Cited by 39 publications

References 2 publications

Chemomechanical Equilibrium of Bars

Chemomechanical Equilibrium of Bars

Oolitic limestone in a polluted atmospheric environment in Budapest: weathering phenomena and alterations in physical properties

Improved Methodology for Bioremoval of Black Crusts on Historical Stone Artworks by Use of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria

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