Rate of Felting of Untreated and Shrink-Resistant Wool Fabrics

McPhee, J.R.

doi:10.1177/004051756103100902

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The first puzzling feature is that, although treatment causes very little change in the elastic properties of the fiber [27] and its attack on the fiber is almost confined to the cuticle [1,33 ] , it has not been possible to establish with certainty that it acts via the frictional properties. There has been considerable disagreement among experimenters [1,6,9,15,26,27] who have measured the friction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Some New Observations on the Effects of Mild Shrinkproofing Treatments on Wool Fibers

Makinson

1968

Textile Research Journal

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When wool fibers which have been shrinkproofed by either the KMnO 4 /salt process or a dry chlorination process are examined with the optical microscope, normally, very little effect of the treatment can be seen. However, if they are straightened for the examination, a number of differences between treated and control fibers can easily be seen, especially if water is present. The principal effects are that the scales on the treated fibers, but not on the untreated, become less prominent as the fibers are straightened and that this change is much greater on the side which was the intrados of the crimp curve than on the extrados. Microscopic observation of fibers sliding on each other or over a diffraction grating also reveals effects of the treatment: the deformation of the scales of treated fibers is more plastic and less elastic than that of untreated and the sliding of the treated fibers is more heavily damped. From these and other observations, the conclusion has been drawn that these treatments degrade the protein inside the scales so that it becomes more viscous and less elastic, particularly when it is swollen by or dissolved in water. The epicuticle appears to be unbroken and still elastic.These results throw some light on the well-known disagreement between different workers about the changes produced in the coefficients of friction of wool fibers by the KMnO 4 /salt treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been considerable disagreement among experimenters [1,6,9,15,26,27] who have measured the friction. Their measurements have been made in various aqueous media at various loads, usually by the &dquo;capstan&dquo; method, the fiber being drawn over a horn rod or a layer of wool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some New Observations on the Effects of Mild Shrinkproofing Treatments on Wool Fibers

Makinson

1968

Textile Research Journal

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“…Area felting shrinkages on 9-in. squares of fabric were determined after washing in buffer solutions at 45° in a machine, described previously as Machine E [10], running at full speed. The load in each test was made up to 1000 g. with 9-in.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before each washing test, the load and wool samples were allowed to stand in the appropriate buffer solution for at least 2 hr. The buffer solutions used were: pH , I 2.0, potassium chloride plus hydrochloric' acid; pH 3 .0, pH 5.0, and pH 7.0, disodium hydrogen phosphate plus citric acid; pH 9.0, potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus sodium lorate ; pH 10 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I t is generally considered that felting behavior of wool can be explained in terms of frictional and elastic properties of the fibers,. On this basis, a simple relation has been established for felting of hyhochlorite-treated wool in different media 1181, but it is doubtful whether this could be applied to felting in aqueous solutions of fabric treated by a variety of reagents [ 10 ] . Other facts have been presented which also do not fit the simple scheme ( 6 J .…”

Section: Felting Of Yg'ool Made Shrink-l~~sistant By Irrdustrial Oxidmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of pH and Detergents on the Felting of Shrink-Resistant Wool

McPhee

Feldtman

1961

Textile Research Journal

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The rate of felting of an untreated wool fabric increases with decreasing pH of the felting solution over the pH range 2-10. The felting rate is increased at all pH values by the addition of nonionic detergent to the solution.The felting, relative to untreated wool, of wool made shrink-resistant with permanganate/salt, acid chlorine, permonosulfuric acid followed by sulfite, permanganate hypochlorite, peracetic acid/hypochlorite, hypochlorite at pH 8, or gaseous chlorine increases with decreasing pH of the felting solution. The magnitude of this effect can he reduced by treatment with higher concentrations of reagents. After treatment with reagents of the concentrations used industrially, no change in felting rates with pH can be detected at pH values above 5. The actual rate of felting of wool treated with reagents of these concentrations is low and is not significantly affected by the addition of soap or nonionic detergents to the solutions. The felting, relative to untreated wool, of wool treated with ethanolic thioglycolate, aqueous hisulfite (on extracted wool). hydrogen peroxide folluwed hy bisulfite, ethanolic sodium hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide saturated salt does not vary with pH in the absence of detergent. Felting is increased by the addition of detergent to the solutions. In detergent solutions, the relative felting of wool treated with ethanolic thioglycolate, aqueous bisulfite (on extracted wool), or hydrogen peroxide bisulfite does not change with pH. hut the relative felting of wool treated with sodium hydroxide in ethanol or saturated salt solution reaches a maximum at pH 7-9.Frictional properties of fibers treated with some of the reagents have been measured (by the capstan method using a keratin rod at different pH values in the presence and absence of detergent. Felting behavior does not appear to be explained by these frictional properties alone. Some other property, or properties, of treated wool, which vary differently with pH than do similar properties of untreated wool, must play a part in felting.

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The Production and Properties of Knitted and Woven Fabrics

Burnip¹,

Thomas²

1969

Textile Progress

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Rate of Felting of Untreated and Shrink-Resistant Wool Fabrics

Cited by 18 publications

References 33 publications

Some New Observations on the Effects of Mild Shrinkproofing Treatments on Wool Fibers

Some New Observations on the Effects of Mild Shrinkproofing Treatments on Wool Fibers

The Effect of pH and Detergents on the Felting of Shrink-Resistant Wool

The Production and Properties of Knitted and Woven Fabrics

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