Rat’s aversion to flavors following induced illness

Running-based pica and taste avoidance in rats

“…Hence, Experiment 4 has segregated the two kinds of visceral discomforts (i.e., pain and nausea). In other words, visceral pain induced by hypertonic saline qualitatively differs from nausea induced by LiCl, although hypertonic saline was effective in causing taste avoidance as demonstrated here and by other researchers (e.g., Andrews & Braveman, 1975;Hargrave & Bolles, 1971;Lin et al, 2013;Sakai & Yamamoto, 1997).…”

“…Experiment 4 was designed to examine this issue by exploring the effect of visceral pain on pica behavior. As noted in the introduction of this article, repeated injections of hypertonic saline evoke visceral pain and cause avoidance of paired taste (e.g., Hargrave & Bolles, 1971;Lin et al, 2013;Sakai & Yamamoto, 1997). Hence, in Experiment 4, pica behavior in rats was monitored to assess the effect of such injections.…”

“…The aim of Experiment 4 was to assess the validity of pica as a behavioral marker of nausea. In rats, conditioned taste avoidance can be established not only by emetic agents but also by nonemetic stressful events such as dermal pain by electric shocks (e.g., Garcia, Kovner, & Green, 1970;Krane & Wagner, 1975;Nakajima, 2004) and visceral pain by intraperitoneal (ip) injections of hypertonic saline (e.g., Hargrave & Bolles, 1971;Lin, Arthurs, & Reilly, 2013;Sakai & Yamamoto, 1997). Thus, demonstration of taste avoidance does not, in itself, necessarily guarantee that rats experience nausea (Grant, 1987;Parker, 2003Parker, , 2014Parker, Limebeer, & Rana, 2009).…”

Role of illness in producing learned taste aversions in rats: A comparison of several rodenticides.

“…With increased experimental interest, the list of effective agents for producing taste aversions has been greatly expanded. Such diverse chemicals as d-amphetamine and mescaline (Cappell & Le Blanc, 1971), ethanol (Lester, Nachman, & Le Magnen, 1970), cyclophosphamide (Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling, 1967), hypertonic saline (Hargrave & Bolles, 1971), p-tetrahydrocannabinol (Elsmore & Fletcher, 1972), morphine and chlordiazepoxide (Cappell, Le Blanc, & Endrenyi, 1973), cyclohexamide (Booth & Simson, 1973), formalin (Woods, Weisinger, & Wald, 1971), methyl mercury (Braun & Snyder, 1973), anesthetics (Brown & Glusman, 1971), and even intravenously injected isotonic saline (Revusky, Smith, & Chalmers, 1971) have been shown to produce effective learned taste aversions.…”

Possible role of confounded taste stimuli in conditioned taste aversions

“…For example, it has long been known that exteroceptive cues, suchas brightness of wallsand floortexture, can be associatedwith illness (e.g., Garcia, Kimeldorf, & Hunt, 1957). However, exteroceptive cues are not alwayseasily associatedwith illnessand are not typicallyas effective as tastes (Best, Best,& Henggeler, 1977;Best, Best,& Mickley, 1973;Garcia, Kimeldorf, & Hunt, 1961;Garcia & Koelling, 1966;Garcia, Kovner, & Green, 1970;Green, Holmstrom, & Wollman, 1974;Hargrave & Bolles, 1971;Larsen & Hyde, 1977;Slotnik, Brown, & Gelhard, 1977). Oral stimuli suchas dry versus wet (Garcia, Hankins, Robinson, & Vogt, 1972) and warm versus cool (Nachman, 1970) have also been effectively associated with illness.…”