Rat cortical morphology following crowded-enriched living conditions

Diamond, Marian C.; Greer, E.Rosalie; York, Alison; Lewis, David W.; Barton, T; Lin, James

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(87)90042-2

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Furthermore, we confirmed results of histological studies that showed rat brain asymmetry (Diamond et al, 1975;Galaburda et al, 1986;Kolb et al, 1982;Rosen et al, 1991Rosen et al, , 1993. This anatomic asymmetry is suggested to be an expression of lateralized function (Denenberg, 1983;Rogers, 2006;Sherman and Galaburda, 1984) and can be modulated by practice (Diamond et al, 1987;Dowling et al, 1982). Collectively, the results from our cross-sectional analysis revealed an age-dependent pattern with macro-structural changes of the rat brain, which strongly suggests that ontological features of rodent brain growth should be considered in animal models of age-dependent neurological diseases in humans.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Deformation-based brain morphometry in rats

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Deformation-based brain morphometry in rats

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…To create a condition in which crowding would be experienced as stressful, 36 rats were placed in an enrichment cage usually housing only 12 rats, and kept there for 30 days. The results indicated that, compared with rats living in standard conditions, the thickness of the medial occipital cortex increased significantly whether the enrichment cage housed 12 or 36 animals, (Diamond et al 1987). One hypothesis to come from this study was that the animals' interaction with the toys might be diverting their attention or entertaining them sufficiently to mitigate the stress of the crowded condition.…”

Section: Stressmentioning

confidence: 89%

Response of the brain to enrichment

Diamond¹

2001

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

Self Cite

187

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Before 1960, the brain was considered by scientists to be immutable, subject only to genetic control. In the early sixties, however, investigators were seriously speculating that environmental influences might be capable of altering brain structure. By 1964, two research laboratories proved that the morphology and chemistry or physiology of the brain could be experientially altered (Bennett et al. 1964, Hubel andWiesel 1965). Since then, the capacity of the brain to respond to environmental input, specifically "enrichment," has become an accepted fact among neuroscientists, educators and others. In fact, the demonstration that environmental enrichment can modify structural components of the rat brain at any age altered prevailing presumptions about the brain's plasticity , Diamond 1988. The cerebral cortex, the area associated with higher cognitive processing, is more receptive than other parts of the brain to environmental enrichment. The message is clear: Although the brain possesses a relatively constant macrostructural organization, the ever-changing cerebral cortex, with its complex microarchitecture of unknown potential, is powerfully shaped by experiences before birth, during youth and, in fact, throughout life. It is essential to note that enrichment effects on the brain have consequences on behavior. Parents, educators, policy makers, and individuals can all benefit from such knowledge.

show abstract

“…EE-induced physical activity increased cholinergic activity [61] , thickness of hippocampus [62], and cortex [38,63] . Furthermore, reciprocal anatomical connections between CA1, LA, and ILC facilitates cortical activation, which allows the context-specific information flow to the CA1, which is characterized by reduced fear return by EE-EE rats than SH-SH and SH-EE rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reexposure to EE after extinction training revealed that EE rats exhibited less freezing than SH-SH during the extinction of fear memory, thus indicating that re-exposure to EE condition after extinction training is beneficial in reducing the return of fear in a retrieval environment. As a step toward the detailed assessment of the cellular mechanisms involved in increased synaptic plasticity following enrichment [12,37,38], we present the spontaneous changes in the LFP during baseline conditions. Changes in the synaptic plasticity following exposure to EE can be the primary cause for changes in local networking activities of CA1, LA, and ILC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extinction of Contextual Fear with Timed Exposure to Enriched Environment: A Differential Effect

Hegde¹,

O’Mara²,

Laxmi³

2017

Ann Neurosci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Extinction of fear memory depends on the environmental and emotional cues. Furthermore, consolidation of extinction is also dependent on the environmental exposure. But, the relationship of the time of the exposure to a variety of environmental cues is not well known. The important region involved in facilitation of extinction of fear memory is through diversion of the flow of information leaving the lateral nucleus of amygdala. Purpose: The study aimed to address a question to explain how these brain regions react to environmental stimulation during the retention and extinction of fear memory. Methods: An enriched environment (EE) is assumed to mediate extinction of fear memory, we examined the apparent discrepancy between the effects of defensive response, the freezing behavior induced by Pavlovian classical fear conditioning by subjecting them to variance in the timing to EE. The different timing of EE exposure was 10 days of EE either before fear conditioning and/or after extinction training to the rats. The local field potentials was recorded from CA1 hippocampus, lateral nucleus of amygdala and infralimbic region of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during the fear learning and extinction from the control rats and rats exposed to EE before and after fear conditioning. Results: Exposure to EE before the fear conditioning and after extinction training was more effective in the extinction fear memory. In addition, we also found switching from exploratory locomotion to freezing during retention of contextual fear memory which was associated with decreased theta power and reduced synchronized theta oscillations in CA1-hippocampus, lateral nucleus of amygdala, and infralimbic region of mPFC. Conclusion: Thus, we propose that the timing of exposure to EE play a key role in the extinction of fear memory.

show abstract

Rat cortical morphology following crowded-enriched living conditions

Cited by 24 publications

References 4 publications

Deformation-based brain morphometry in rats

Deformation-based brain morphometry in rats

Response of the brain to enrichment

Extinction of Contextual Fear with Timed Exposure to Enriched Environment: A Differential Effect

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About