Rare Metals Handbook, 2nd Ed.

Hampel, Clifford A.; Kolodney, M.

doi:10.1149/1.2427960

Cited by 49 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…The increased hardness of alloys 1 and 2 can be attributed to their high Ru and Ni content, as well as the microstructural changes due to laser heating. The hardening effect of both ruthenium and nickel on alloys is well-known [10].…”

Section: Microstructure Of the Laser Alloyed Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Surface Alloying of 316L Stainless Steel with Ru and Ni Mixtures

Lekala

Merwe

Pityana

2012

International Journal of Corrosion

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The surfaces of AISI 316L stainless steel were laser alloyed with ruthenium powder and a mixture of ruthenium and nickel powders using a cw Nd:YAG laser set at fixed operating parameters. The microstructure, elemental composition, and corrosion characteristics of the alloyed zone were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX), and corrosion potential measurements. The depth of alloyed zone was measured using the AxioVision program and found to be approximately 1.8 mm for all the alloyed specimens. Hardness profile measurements through the surfacesubstrate interface showed a significant increase from 160 HV for the substrate to a maximum of 247 HV for the alloyed layer. The sample laser alloyed with 80 wt% Ni-20 wt% presented the most noble corrosion potential (E corr ) of −0.18 V and the lowest corrosion current density (i corr ).

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Section: Microstructure Of the Laser Alloyed Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Surface Alloying of 316L Stainless Steel with Ru and Ni Mixtures

Lekala

Merwe

Pityana

2012

International Journal of Corrosion

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“…The sulfide matte is smelted and separated by the tops-and-bottoms process to give ultimately blister copper and nickel sulfide with the bulk of the platinum metals. The nickel sulfide is treated much as the Sudbury nickel fraction, and the slimes from electrolysis of the nickel anodes are sent to England for refining (7).…”

Section: Mining and Refining Of Osmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Osmium: An Appraisal of Environmental Exposure

Smith¹,

Carson²,

Ferguson³

1974

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…The platinum-group metals in the Sudbury District of Canada are mixed with the sulfide ores of copper and nickel (7). Concentrates of the copper and nickel sulfides are obtained by magnetic and flotation techniques.…”

Section: Mining and Refining Of Osmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the metallic form is to be produced, the tetroxide is precipitated as osmyltetraammine chloride [Os02(NH3)4CI2] or as potassium osmate. The osmium metal is then formed by ignition of the former compound in hydrogen (7) or by treating potassium osmate with hydrochloric acid and hydrogen (8). If osmium tetroxide is the desired product, the precipitation and ignition steps are omitted, and osmium tetroxide is distilled directly from the process liquor.…”

Section: Mining and Refining Of Osmiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Osmium: An Appraisal of Environmental Exposure

Smith¹,

Carson²,

Ferguson³

1974

Environ Health Perspect

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In the U.S., the chief source of new osmium is copper refining, where this metal is produced as a byproduct. Probably less than 10% of the osmium in the original copper ore is recovered, and 1000–3000 oz troy of osmium is lost each year to the environment as the toxic, volatile tetroxide from copper smelters. In 1971, about 2000 oz troy of osmium was domestically refined, most of which was from secondary sources. An additional 4169 oz troy of osmium was toll-refined. Major uses for osmium tetroxide identified are for catalysis, especially in steroid synthesis, and for tissue staining. Minor uses of osmium metal are for electrical contacts and for imparting hardness to alloys for mechanical pivots, etc. Unreclaimed osmium tetroxide that reaches wastewater streams is probably rapidly reduced by organic matter to nontoxic osmium dioxide or osmium metal, which would settle out in the sediment of the water course. Waste osmium metal, itself innocuous and chemically resistant, would be oxidized to the toxic tetroxide if incinerated. Because of the small amounts used and their wide dispersal, the amounts of osmium tetroxide in wastewater and air should pose no hazard to man or the environment. The chief acute toxic effects of osmium tetroxide are well known and include eye and respiratory-tract damage. Few data are available that provide information on possible effects of nonacute exposure resulting from environmental contamination by osmium. However, workers continually exposed to osmium tetroxide vapors (refiners and histologists) and rheumatoid arthritis patients who have received intra-articular injections of osmic acid solutions have shown no apparent damage from exposure to low levels of osmium.

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Rare Metals Handbook, 2nd Ed.

Abstract: not Available.

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

Laser Surface Alloying of 316L Stainless Steel with Ru and Ni Mixtures

Laser Surface Alloying of 316L Stainless Steel with Ru and Ni Mixtures

Osmium: An Appraisal of Environmental Exposure

Osmium: An Appraisal of Environmental Exposure

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