Rare Elements Electrochemistry: The Development of a Novel Electrochemical Sensor for the Rapid Detection of Europium in Environmental Samples Using Gold Electrode Modified with 2-pyridinol-1-oxide

Voltammetry in Determination of Trace Amounts of Lanthanides—A Review

“…In these procedures, there is no need to additionally introduce complex agents into the tested solution. Modifiers acting as complexing agents are as follows: dipyridyl (DP) [32], N -[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-2-furohydrazide (NHMF) [33], but-2-enedioic acid bis-[(2-amino-ethyl)-amide] [34], vinylpyridine (VP) and methacrylic acid (MA) [35,41], allyl phenoxyacetate (APA) [36], poly(catechol) (PC) [37,38,42], o-phenylenediamine (OPD) [38], 3-methyl-2-hydrazinobenzothiazole (MBTH) [50], 2-pyridinol-1-oxide (PO) [43] and salicylamide (SA) [44]. Procedures in which the above modifiers were used are discussed in more detail in the chapter devoted to working electrodes and the modifiers used.…”

“…Solid electrodes for the determination of REEs include carbon-based electrodes, such as glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) [31,37,38,45,48], carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) [29,30,32,33,35,36,41,[50][51][52][53] and to a lesser extent gold electrodes [43]. Looking through the literature, it can be safely stated that at the end of the 20th century both GC and CP electrodes, with chemical modifications, received growing importance in the analysis of trace elements, including lanthanides, particularly when used coupled with stripping analysis.…”

“…Both methods can be used to determine cerium concentrations in the range of 10 −9 -10 −8 M, but a slightly lower detection limit of 8 × 10 −10 M was obtained in the procedure [33]. On the other hand, in the paper [43] on determining europium, 2-pyridinol-1-oxide (PO) was used as a modifier of a gold electrode. The applied organic ligand forms coordination bonds with europium through two oxygen atoms.…”

“…A search of the literature on the voltammetric determination of lanthanides reveals that most of it is devoted to the voltammetric determination of cerium [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] and europium [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. These metals are considered the most reactive rare earth elements.…”

Detection of Gadolinium with an Impedimetric Platform Based on Gold Electrodes Functionalized by 2-Methylpyridine-Substituted Cyclam

“…In all these cases, the ionophore molecules were inserted in a matrix such as poly(vinylchloride) or in carbon paste [22], thus limiting the shelf lifetime of the sensor due to the leakage of the ionophore molecule. Voltammetric sensors for different REs were developed, based on the modification of a gold electrode with 2-pyridinol-1-oxide [23], the insertion of nano-sized Eu 3+ -imprinted polymer in carbon paste electrodes for the detection of Eu(III) [24] or the insertion of nano-sized cerium-imprinted polymer in carbon paste electrodes for the detection of Ce(III) [25].…”