“…The sum of all REEs (∑REE) in the study was much higher than those reported by Hu et al (2006) with a mean REE concentration in China of 181 mg kg −1 (1225 soil samples), and it was also higher than the background values of soils in the Bayan Obo region (Li et al 2010 , Loell et al 2011). The arithmetic means, geometric means (GMs), and medians of REEs in the surface soils are higher than their background values in soils of Bayan Obo region (CNEMC 1990).…”
Section: Descriptive Statistics Of Ree Concentrations In Soilscontrasting
The Bayan Obo Mine, the largest rare earth element (REE) deposit ever found in the world, has been mined for nearly 60 years for iron and rare earth elements. To assess the influences of mining activities on geochemical behavior of REEs in soils, 27 surface soil samples and three soil profile samples were collected from different directions in the vicinity of the mine area. The total concentrations of REEs in surface soils varied from 149.75 to 18,891.81 mg kg −1 with an average value of 1906.12 mg kg, which was apparently higher than the average values in China (181 mg kg). The order of the average concentrations of individual REEs in surface soils was similar to that in Bayan Obo ores, which confirmed that the concentration and distribution of REEs in the soils was influenced by the mining activities. The concentrations of single REE in the soil profiles showed a similar trend with depth with an increase at 0-25 cm section, then decreased and remained relatively stable in the deep part. The normalized curves inclined to the right side, showing the conspicuous fractionation between the light and heavy REEs, which supported by the North American Shale Composite (NASC) and Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) normalized concentration ratios calculated for selected elements (La N /Yb N , La N / Sm N , Gd N /Yb N ). Slight positive Ce anomaly and negative Eu anomaly were also observed.
“…The sum of all REEs (∑REE) in the study was much higher than those reported by Hu et al (2006) with a mean REE concentration in China of 181 mg kg −1 (1225 soil samples), and it was also higher than the background values of soils in the Bayan Obo region (Li et al 2010 , Loell et al 2011). The arithmetic means, geometric means (GMs), and medians of REEs in the surface soils are higher than their background values in soils of Bayan Obo region (CNEMC 1990).…”
Section: Descriptive Statistics Of Ree Concentrations In Soilscontrasting
The Bayan Obo Mine, the largest rare earth element (REE) deposit ever found in the world, has been mined for nearly 60 years for iron and rare earth elements. To assess the influences of mining activities on geochemical behavior of REEs in soils, 27 surface soil samples and three soil profile samples were collected from different directions in the vicinity of the mine area. The total concentrations of REEs in surface soils varied from 149.75 to 18,891.81 mg kg −1 with an average value of 1906.12 mg kg, which was apparently higher than the average values in China (181 mg kg). The order of the average concentrations of individual REEs in surface soils was similar to that in Bayan Obo ores, which confirmed that the concentration and distribution of REEs in the soils was influenced by the mining activities. The concentrations of single REE in the soil profiles showed a similar trend with depth with an increase at 0-25 cm section, then decreased and remained relatively stable in the deep part. The normalized curves inclined to the right side, showing the conspicuous fractionation between the light and heavy REEs, which supported by the North American Shale Composite (NASC) and Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) normalized concentration ratios calculated for selected elements (La N /Yb N , La N / Sm N , Gd N /Yb N ). Slight positive Ce anomaly and negative Eu anomaly were also observed.
“…However, the risk caused by other elements, in particular As, Cd, and Pb, should raise concern [39] and should be additionally examined. The analysis of environmental risk related to the presence of REE in soils, and their potential or measured bioavailability, performed by Loell et al [11] and Li et al [40], indicates that those concentrations of lanthanides that were found in the present study cannot cause any considerable risk either to humans or to biota.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 51%
“…and ecotoxicity [9][10][11]. Some lanthanides (La, Ce, Nd) occur in soils in concentrations of tens mg•kg -1 , while others are not that abundant and their usual soil concentrations are much lower [1,4,5,12,13].…”
Lanthanides are a series of elements with atomic numbers ranging from 51 to 71 that comprise lanthanum and 14 elements of the 4f-block. They have similar chemical properties, and together with yttrium and scandium constitute the group of rare earth elements (REE). Their increasing use in modern technologies, including the high-tech industry, electronics, and medicine, has stimulated the growing interest of geochemists on their environmental behaviour and potential toxicity [1, 2]. Physiological functions of REE have been relatively poorly recognized, but they all are considered potentially toxic at high concentrations [1, 3-7]. Their environmental reactivity and related bioavailability is usually low [8], but they are prone to complexation with several organic compounds and in a form of complexes they show much higher solubility
“…Loell et al [44] employed total and EDTA extractions to infer bioavailability and reported that Ce had the greatest total concentration and the lowest bioavailability, whereas Y had the highest availability expression. Using regression analysis, the REE bioavailability was a function of pH, clay content, organic carbon and the total REE concentration.…”
Section: Rare Earth Elements and Soil Availabilitymentioning
The lanthanide elements or rare earth elements (REEs) are an active soil science research area, given their usage as micro-fertilizers, documented cases of environmental impact attributed to industry/mining, and their ability to identify lithologic discontinuities and reveal active soil processes. To fully understand REEs requires an understanding of their chemical reactivity, both for the individual elements and their behavior as a group of elements. The elements of the lanthanide series, including La and Y, may have subtle to very perceptible chemical differences that when viewed collectively reveal information that gives emphasis to soil processes that clarify soil behavior or soil genesis. This chapter concentrates on lanthanide soil chemistry and shows how the soil chemistry of REEs may support soil science investigations.
Lee [2], Henderson [3].CN6 is coordination number six and CN8 is coordination number eight. Table 1. Chemical properties of the trivalent rare earth elements, including La and Y. Lanthanides 50(nodules of Fe-and Mn-oxyhydroxides) and an abrupt increase in pH from an acidic to alkaline regime. Thus, oxidation-reduction and pH appear to be the controlling variables.
Future research needsFuture research needs include; (i) understanding of the REE-microbiological interactions, especially in the rhizosphere, (ii) are the REE elements plant essential elements or growth promoting entities, (iii) more complex models (along with thermodynamic data) to better simulate the soil environment, and (iv) anticipate REE impacts to the soil environment because of increasing industrial REE utilization.
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