Rare Earth Elements- A Review

Mehmood, Mubashir

doi:10.23880/jenr-16000128

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Rare earths, are diversely abbreviated to as rare earths (RE), rareearth elements (REE), rare-earth metals (REM), rare earth oxides (REO) and total rare-earth oxides (TREO) (Massari and Ruberti, 2013;Mehmood, 2018). Hereinafter referred to as RE are a group of 17 chemically similar elements in the periodic table as defined by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (Massari and Ruberti, 2013;Balaram, 2019).…”

Section: Definition and Properties Of Rare Earthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RE bind preferably with oxygen or fluorine as strong electronegative elements. All RE except promethium occur in nature (Henderson, 1984;Mehmood, 2018). They have high electrical conductivity and there are very small differences in solubility and complex formation between these metals (Voncken, 2015).…”

Section: Definition and Properties Of Rare Earthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although most RE are not currently rare in terms of total amounts in the earth's crust, they are unevenly distributed and rarely occurred in sufficient abundance in a single location for their mining to be economically exploitable (Mehmood, 2018). In addition, they are usually found within other minerals such as phosphates, carbonates, fluorides and silicates and occur especially in pegmatites, granites and related metamorphic igneous rocks (Tyler, 2004), making extraction from the ore and processing both highly difficult and expensive.…”

Section: Rare Earth Resources Speciation and Recovery Processes Natural Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Microorganisms in Mobilization and Phytoextraction of Rare Earth Elements: A Review

Jalali

Lebeau

2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Rare earth (RE) elements are a group of 17 chemical elements including the 15 lanthanides plus Yttrium and Scandium. RE have been identified as critical elements due to their special properties (e.g., catalytic, metallurgical, nuclear, electrical, magnetic, and luminescent) and various applications in many modern technologies, environment and economic areas. Thus, the demand for RE has increased significantly during the last decades. This demand has induced an increase in mining activities and consequently a release of RE into the surrounding environment, causing a potential threat to human health and the environment. Therefore, investigations leading to new solutions for the RE recycling from alternate resources like electronic, mining and industrial wastes, has been rapidly growing. In spite of that, recycling stays extremely difficult, expensive and is currently not seen as a significant solution. The concept of phytomanagement is a promising solution when conventional mining methods are no longer cost-effective, not to mention all the ecosystem services provided by plants. The phytoextraction service allows the extraction and recovery of RE from soils or industrial wastes (e.g., phosphogypsum from phosphoric acid production) with the prospect of economic added value. To date, some twenty hyperaccumulator plant species (almost ferns such as Dicranopteris dicthotoma) accumulate high concentrations of RE especially in their erial parts. While the potential roles of native bacteria in mobilization of RE from ores remains slightly documented, those of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) is much less. PGPR are indeed able to mobilize metals and/or to stimulate plant development in the aim to increase the amount of RE extracted by the plant with then a higher phytoextraction efficiency. Yet to date, only a few studies have been devoted to RE using coupled bioaugmentation-phytoextraction. This review summarizes the data regarding 1) the source of RE (RE-accumulating sediments, soils naturally rich in RE, wastes) and their bioavailability in these matrices, 2) plants identified as RE hyperaccumulator and their potential for RE phytomining, 3) isolation and selection of indigenous bacteria stemming from RE contaminated matrices, such as soil, for their potential ability to increase phytoextraction performances and 4) bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction studies dealing with RE.

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Section: Definition and Properties Of Rare Earthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Definition and Properties Of Rare Earthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rare Earth Resources Speciation and Recovery Processes Natural Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Microorganisms in Mobilization and Phytoextraction of Rare Earth Elements: A Review

Jalali

Lebeau

2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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“…The geological conditions of metal mines are generally similar to the geological settings of REE deposits (Mubashir, 2018).Mining processes of REEs are also similar to the other hard rock mines and consequently the risk characterization of the metal mines is likely relevant to that of mining REEs (Balomenos et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Management and Potential Risk Reductionin the Processing of Rare Earths Elements

Kapustka¹,

Klimecka-Tatar

Ziegmann³

2019

System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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The rare earth elements (REE) are vital to innovation technologies and society and are important for the industry, especially for high-tech solutions. In the modern world, anumerous applications have been developed using rare earth elements (REE), implying human exposures and raising unclear questions as to REE-associated health effects. Protecting the environment and public health from disadvantageous actions of rare earth elements mining and processing as emerging pollutants is urgently desired to achieve sustainable development. All activities in mining processes like extraction, separation and after recycling of REE elements could create rick to human health and environment. In the paper the role of management in safety aspects during mining and processing of rare earth elements has been highlighted. In the paper, the potential dangerous and damaging effects on the environment and human health have been identified - the potential risk in the processing as well as the possibilities of preventing the occurrence of hazards have been analyzed.

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“…Light REE (LREE), all elements from lanthanum to europium, predominate mainly in bastnaesite and monazite, whereas xenotime is a source of heavy REE (HREE), from gadolinium to lutetium and yttrium. This distribution depends on the deposit, its formation and type [1,3,[6][7][8]. Although there is a large number of REE-rich minerals worldwide, mining is currently focused on a few deposits and minerals only.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Rare Earth Elements in Minerals and Soils by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Using Interval PLS

et al. 2021

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The numerous applications of rare earth elements (REE) has lead to a growing global demand and to the search for new REE deposits. One promising technique for exploration of these deposits is laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Among a number of advantages of the technique is the possibility to perform on-site measurements without sample preparation. Since the exploration of a deposit is based on the analysis of various geological compartments of the surrounding area, REE-bearing rock and soil samples were analyzed in this work. The field samples are from three European REE deposits in Sweden and Norway. The focus is on the REE cerium, lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium. Two different approaches of data analysis were used for the evaluation. The first approach is univariate regression (UVR). While this approach was successful for the analysis of synthetic REE samples, the quantitative analysis of field samples from different sites was influenced by matrix effects. Principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to determine the origin of the samples from the three deposits. The second approach is based on multivariate regression methods, in particular interval PLS (iPLS) regression. In comparison to UVR, this method is better suited for the determination of REE contents in heterogeneous field samples.

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Rare Earth Elements- A Review

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

The Role of Microorganisms in Mobilization and Phytoextraction of Rare Earth Elements: A Review

The Role of Microorganisms in Mobilization and Phytoextraction of Rare Earth Elements: A Review

The Management and Potential Risk Reductionin the Processing of Rare Earths Elements

Detection of Rare Earth Elements in Minerals and Soils by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Using Interval PLS

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