Rare earth elements

Wall, Frances

doi:10.1002/9781118755341.ch13

Cited by 147 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Fenites are vertically and horizontally extensive, forming 3D aureoles around these intrusions and are therefore likely to be identified at a variety of different erosion levels, even where source intrusions are not necessarily exposed. However, resource exploration has predominantly focused on intrusive units in alkaline and carbonatite complexes as these are the primary sources and hosts of REE and Nb deposits (Wall, 2014;Goodenough et al, 2016). There is a distinct lack of emphasis in the literature regarding fenites, with only a few recent publications appreciating the importance of fenitizing fluids with regard to element mobility within the system (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alkaline and ultramafic rocks also provide vermiculite, nepheline and are potential sources of scandium and tantalum (e.g. Wall, 2014;Mitchell, 2015;Goodenough et al, 2016). …”

Section: Rare Earth Elements and Critical Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the division between light and heavy rare earth elements is variably defined, the European Commission (2014) subdivides these into light REE (LREE) consisting of La-Sm, and the heavy REE (HREE) consisting of Eu-Lu including Y. These metals have advantageous paramagnetic, mechanical and spectral properties (Gupta and Krishnamurthy, 2005;British Geological Survey, 2011;Wall, 2014), making them useful in a wide range of industrial processes.…”

Section: Rare Earth Elements and Critical Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbonatites and alkaline-silicate (hereafter referred to as alkaline) rocks are the most important sources of rare earth elements (REE) and niobium (Nb) (Wall, 2014;Goodenough et al, 2016), both high profile raw materials critical to technological advancement. Intrusions of both carbonatite and alkaline rocks are typically found in close spatial relationship with aureoles of high temperature metasomatically altered country rock, termed fenites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fenites associated with carbonatite complexes: A review

Elliott

Wall

Chakhmouradian

et al. 2018

Ore Geology Reviews

153

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A B S T R A C TCarbonatites and alkaline-silicate rocks are the most important sources of rare earth elements (REE) and niobium (Nb), both of which are metals imperative to technological advancement and associated with high risks of supply interruption. Cooling and crystallizing carbonatitic and alkaline melts expel multiple pulses of alkali-rich aqueous fluids which metasomatize the surrounding country rocks, forming fenites during a process called fenitization. These alkalis and volatiles are original constituents of the magma that are not recorded in the carbonatite rock, and therefore fenites should not be dismissed during the description of a carbonatite system. This paper reviews the existing literature, focusing on 17 worldwide carbonatite complexes whose attributes are used to discuss the main features and processes of fenitization. Although many attempts have been made in the literature to categorize and name fenites, it is recommended that the IUGS metamorphic nomenclature be used to describe predominant mineralogy and textures. Complexing anions greatly enhance the solubility of REE and Nb in these fenitizing fluids, mobilizing them into the surrounding country rock, and precipitating REE-and Nb-enriched micro-mineral assemblages. As such, fenites have significant potential to be used as an exploration tool to find mineralized intrusions in a similar way alteration patterns are used in other ore systems, such as porphyry copper deposits. Strong trends have been identified between the presence of more complex veining textures, mineralogy and brecciation in fenites with intermediate stage Nb-enriched and later stage REE-enriched magmas. However, compiling this evidence has also highlighted large gaps in the literature relating to fenitization. These need to be addressed before fenite can be used as a comprehensive and effective exploration tool.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alkaline and ultramafic rocks also provide vermiculite, nepheline and are potential sources of scandium and tantalum (e.g. Wall, 2014;Mitchell, 2015;Goodenough et al, 2016). …”

Section: Rare Earth Elements and Critical Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rare Earth Elements and Critical Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Fenites associated with carbonatite complexes: A review

Elliott

Wall

Chakhmouradian

et al. 2018

Ore Geology Reviews

153

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“…Fergusonite is chemically heterogeneous: many crystals display growth zoning with enrichments in U and Th in the cores of crystals (Figure 9a,b). The bright domains on SEM images of these cores are characterized by high content of U (up to 9.5 wt % UO 2 Table S4). Textures observed in SEM and EPMA data suggest to the presence of sub-micrometre intergrowths between fergusonite and allanite in most of the studied samples (Figure 9a,b).…”

Section: The Otanmäki Katajakangas Nb-ree Depositmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geology and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements Deposits and Occurrences in Finland

et al. 2018

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Rare earth elements (REE) have critical importance in the manufacturing of many electronic products in the high-tech and green-tech industries. Currently, mining and processing of REE is strongly concentrated in China. A substantial growth in global exploration for REE deposits has taken place in the recent years and has resulted in considerable advances in defining new resources. This study provides an overview of the mineralogical and petrological peculiarities of the most important REE prospects and metallogeny of REE in Finland. There is a particularly good potential for future discoveries of carbonatite hosted REE deposits in the Paleozoic Sokli carbonatite complex, as well as in the Paleoproterozoic Korsnäs and Kortejärvi Laivajoki areas. This review also provides information about the highest known REE concentration in the alkaline intrusions of Finland in the Tana Belt and other alkaline rock hosted occurrences (e.g., Otanmäki and Katajakangas). Significant REE enrichments in hydrothermal alteration zones are also known in the Kuusamo Belt (Uuniniemi and Honkilehto), and occurrences of REE-rich mineralisation are also present in granite pegmatite bodies and greisens in central and southern Finland (Kovela monazite granite and the Rapakivi Granite batholith at Vyborg, respectively). REE minerals in all of the localities listed above were identified and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobes (EMPs). In localities of northern and central Finland, both primary rock forming and epigenetic-hydrothermal REE minerals were found, namely phosphates (monazite-Ce, xenotime-Y), fluorcarbonates (bastnäsite-Ce, synchysite), and hydrated carbonates (ancylite-Ce), hydrated aluminium silicates (allanite-Ce, Fe-allanite, cerite, chevkinite), oxides (fergusonite, euxenite) and U-Pb rich minerals. The chondrite normalized REE concentrations, the La/Nd ratios and the REE vs. major element contents in several types of REE bearing minerals from prospects in Finland can be used to identify and define variable REE fractionation processes (carbonatites), as well as to discriminate deposits of different origins.

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Biosorption as a Strategy for the Recovery of Rare Earth Elements

Goldeinstein¹,

Bassin²

2021

Biosorption for Wastewater Contaminants

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Rare earth elements

Cited by 147 publications

References 15 publications

Fenites associated with carbonatite complexes: A review

Fenites associated with carbonatite complexes: A review

Geology and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements Deposits and Occurrences in Finland

Biosorption as a Strategy for the Recovery of Rare Earth Elements

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