Rare earth element systematics in boiled fluids from basalt-hosted geothermal systems

Fowler, Andrew; Zierenberg, Robert A.; Reed, Mark H.; Palandri, James; Óskarsson, Finnbogi; Gunnarsson, Ingvi

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.10.001

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…REE are significantly depleted relative to the felsite and the chondrite normalized REE patterns (Figure 5g) have wing‐like enrichments in light and heavy REE and strongly developed positive europium anomalies. The pattern is similar to that of seafloor hydrothermal fluids and geothermal fluid produced from the Reykjanes reservoir (Fowler et al., 2019). Similar patterns are seen in epidote from hydrothermal veins in the Reykjanes reservoir (Fowler & Zierenberg, 2015).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Reykjanes fluids plot in the field of basalt‐hosted geothermal system for most conservative elements but show a slight enrichment in B and alkali elements, similar to Endeavor Main Field samples from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, in the Pacific Northwest, Canada (Reykjanes data from Fowler et al. [2019], others from Paduan et al. [2018] and references contained therein).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The cooling and pH increase attendant on boiling results in supersaturation of metal sulfides. Full comparison of the composition of Reykjanes fluids to seafloor vent fluids collected prior to boiling therefore requires geochemical modeling to recombine the brine, vapor phases, and precipitated scale minerals to preboiling conditions (Fowler et al., 2019). Well fluids were collected below the boiling zone using down hole samplers in 2007 (Hardardóttir et al., 2009) and 2014 (Hannington et al., 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active Basalt Alteration at Supercritical Conditions in a Seawater‐Recharged Hydrothermal System: IDDP‐2 Drill Hole, Reykjanes, Iceland

Zierenberg

Friðleifsson²,

Elders

et al. 2021

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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The goal of the Iceland Deep Drilling Program (IDDP) is to investigate the feasibility of producing electric power from supercritical geothermal fluids whose chemical properties are shaped by reaction with the host rocks (Friðleifsson et al., 2014). The IDDP-2 penetrated a geochemical analog for basalt-hosted seafloor hydrothermal systems that produce black smokers. Seawater-rock interaction at mid-ocean ridges is the dominant source of thermal and chemical exchange between the lithosphere and the hydrosphere, yet

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active Basalt Alteration at Supercritical Conditions in a Seawater‐Recharged Hydrothermal System: IDDP‐2 Drill Hole, Reykjanes, Iceland

Zierenberg

Friðleifsson²,

Elders

et al. 2021

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…REE are relatively immobile during hydrothermal alteration, so REE patterns are often used to infer protoliths for hydrothermally altered rocks, although extensively altered basalt hyaloclastites sometimes show light REE depletion and negative Eu anomaly due to selective loss of some of the REE to the altering hydrothermal fluid (Fowler and Zierenberg, 2015). Chondrite normalized REE concentrations from basalt-hosted seawater recharged hydrothermal fluids show enrichment of the light REE and a strong positive Eu anomaly (e.g., Klinkhammer et al, 1994;Mitra et al, 1994;Fowler et al, 2019). Hydrothermal precipitates in vein minerals inherit this pattern (Fowler and Zierenberg, 2015), as do the Sea Cliff deposits.…”

Section: Sea Cliff Hydrothermal Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Lava Flows Erupted in 1996 on North Gorda Ridge Segment and the Geology of the Nearby Sea Cliff Hydrothermal Vent Field From 1-M Resolution AUV Mapping

et al. 2020

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The northernmost segment of the Gorda mid-ocean ridge is the site of a smallvolume eruption in 1996 and the persistent off-axis Sea Cliff hydrothermal vent field. To better understand the geologic setting and formation of these features, 1-m resolution bathymetric mapping using autonomous underwater vehicles was completed in 2016. The mapped region covers 35 km 2 and 15.6 km of the volcanic axis from south of the 1996 lava flows, and a cross section for ∼4.5 km perpendicular to the axis, that extends beyond the Sea Cliff hydrothermal vent field. A proposed 1996 flow ∼7 km south of previously mapped flows is an artifact from a poor pre-eruption survey. The 1996 flows consist of three discrete steep hummocky mounds of pillows and syneruptive talus. The Sea Cliff hydrothermal field is located a few km north of the narrowest, shallowest section of the ridge segment, 2.6 km east of the center of the neovolcanic zone, and ∼370 m above the average depth of the axial graben on the largest offset ridge-parallel fault. No evidence supports the prior hypothesis that the site is located where two fault systems intersect. The axial graben is asymmetrical with larger fault offsets on the east side. The ridge axis below the hydrothermal field and to the south toward the 1996 flows is constructed dominantly of hummocky flows of pillow basalt, many unusually steep-sided, with syneruptive talus at the base of their steep slopes. Three channelized flows ponded between steep hummocky flows, and then partially drained. Some loweruption-rate hummocky flows and high-eruption-rate channelized flows have nearly identical compositions, supporting the idea that eruption rates on mid-ocean ridges vary because of different dike widths. Four volcanic structures with volumes between 0.18 and 0.25 km 3 occur in the axial graben south of the 1996 flows. Two are flat-topped cones, another is a 1.5-km diameter inflated hummocky flow with 7 pit craters that demonstrate that the flow had a molten interior during growth. The fourth voluminous structure is a steep ridge with abundant syneruptive talus on its lower slopes. The North Gorda segment is an end-member, structurally and volcanically, compared with other Pacific intermediate-rate spreading ridges.

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“…A recent study from the Pea Ridge IOA-(REE) deposit in Missouri shows that apatite replacement by monazite and xenotime can occur at temperatures below 400 °C (Harlov et al 2016). Apatite also controls REE mobility in subaerial and submarine geothermal systems (Monecke et al 2003;Fowler et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of apatite-fluid interaction and partitioning of rare earth elements at 150 and 250 °C

Chappell

Gysi

Monecke

et al. 2023

American Mineralogist

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Apatite is a common accessory phase in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Its stability in magmatic-hydrothermal and hydrothermal systems is known to be a key control on the mobility of rare earth elements (REE). To better constrain how apatite is altered during fluid-rock interaction at comparably low temperatures, batch-type apatite dissolution experiments were conducted at 150 and 250 °C at saturated water vapor pressure in acidic to mildly acidic (pH of 2-4) aqueous fluids having variable salinities (0, 0.5, and 5 wt% NaCl). The study reveals the dominance of apatite dissolution textures with the formation of micron-scale etch pits and dissolution channels developing prominently along the c-axis of the apatite crystals.Backscattered electron imaging shows an increase in apatite dissolution with increased temperature and when reacting the crystals with more acidic and higher salinity starting fluids. This study also demonstrates an increase in dissolved REE in the experimental fluids corroborating with the observed apatite dissolution behavior. Backscattered electron imaging of secondary minerals formed during apatite dissolution and scanning electron microscopy-based energy dispersive spectrometer peaks for Ca, P, and REE support the formation of monazite-(Ce) and minor secondary apatite as deduced from fluid chemistry (i.e., dissolved P and REE concentrations). The studied apatite reaction textures and chemistry of the reacted fluids both indicate that the mobility of REE is controlled by the dissolution of apatite coupled with precipitation of monazite-(Ce), which are enhanced by the addition of NaCl in the starting fluids.This coupled process can be traced by comparing the REE to P ratios in the reacted fluids with the stoichiometry of the unreacted apatite crystals. Apatite metasomatized at temperatures <300 °C is therefore controlled by dissolution rather than dissolution-reprecipitation reactions commonly observed in previous experiments conducted above 300 °C. Further, this study This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, published by the Mineralogical Society of America.The published version is subject to change. Cite as Authors (Year) Title. American Mineralogist, in press.

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Rare earth element systematics in boiled fluids from basalt-hosted geothermal systems

Cited by 15 publications

References 117 publications

Active Basalt Alteration at Supercritical Conditions in a Seawater‐Recharged Hydrothermal System: IDDP‐2 Drill Hole, Reykjanes, Iceland

Active Basalt Alteration at Supercritical Conditions in a Seawater‐Recharged Hydrothermal System: IDDP‐2 Drill Hole, Reykjanes, Iceland

Lava Flows Erupted in 1996 on North Gorda Ridge Segment and the Geology of the Nearby Sea Cliff Hydrothermal Vent Field From 1-M Resolution AUV Mapping

Experimental study of apatite-fluid interaction and partitioning of rare earth elements at 150 and 250 °C

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