Rare Earth Electrochemical Property Measurements and Phase Diagram Development in a Complex Molten Salt Mixture for Molten Salt Recycle

Zhang, Jinsuo; Guo, Shaoqiang

doi:10.2172/1432448

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…[4][5][6][7] In those cases, an independent chlorine source must be supplied to establish a chlorine electrode, which makes it difficult to assemble the setup in a glovebox. To simplify the experimental setup and improve operational safety, some researchers [8][9][10][11] have developed a three-electrode electrochemical cell that uses a real reference electrode (e.g. AgCl/ Ag) to measure redox potential, but the application is very limited.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox Potential Measurements of Cr(II)/Cr Ni(II)/Ni and Mg(II)/Mg in Molten MgCl₂–KCl–NaCl Mixture

Zhang¹,

Ge²,

Yin³

et al. 2020

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The redox potential of Ni(II)/Ni, Cr(II)/Cr, and Mg(II)/Mg in MgCl 2 -KCl-NaCl (Magnak chloride) were studied utilizing chronopotentiometry (CP) method in a three-electrode electrochemical cell. Four different CrCl 2 concentrations from 873 K to 1073 K, three NiCl 2 concentrations from 773 K to 1073 K, and two MgCl 2 concentrations from 823 K to 1073 K have been measured. The activity coefficients were calculated referring to a supercooled potential accordingly. The empirical equation of formal potential will be of great significance for the fundamental thermodynamic prediction in high-temperature Magnak chloride systems where corrosion product impurities are present.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox Potential Measurements of Cr(II)/Cr Ni(II)/Ni and Mg(II)/Mg in Molten MgCl₂–KCl–NaCl Mixture

Zhang¹,

Ge²,

Yin³

et al. 2020

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Considerable molten salts have been proposed as working electrolytes, but at present, chloride-based binary melts (such as LiCl-KCl) are the most widely used because they possess inherent advantages such as high stability, high solubility of lanthanide and actinide species, etc. 6,7 Meanwhile, in view of the practical application of reprocessing, the practical working temperatures of these different molten salts must be taken into consideration. Lower operating temperatures correspond with reduced equipment requirements, operational risks and costs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Low-Melting LiCl-KCl-CsCl Eutectic to Electrodeposit Uranium Metal

Liu¹,

Sun²,

Zhu³

et al. 2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The aim of this work is to explore the electrodeposition of uranium in low-melting LiCl-KCl-CsCl eutectic. A variety of conventional electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry (CP), and chronoamperometry (CA), were employed to study the electrochemical and kinetic properties of uranium at different temperatures ranging from 573 to 872 K. First, the electrochemical behaviors and diffusion coefficients of uranium species in the melts were investigated and compared to the published results. The temperature significantly affects the cathodic current response of the U 4+ /U 3+ couple within the low temperature range. Moreover, the nucleation mechanisms of uranium in the electrodeposition process were evaluated, and the results indicated that nucleation and growth tend to occur via the same instantaneous mode at all applied temperatures and overpotential ranges. Finally, metallic uranium was deposited by potentiostatic electrolysis at an overpotential of −100 mV vs. U 3+ /U at different temperatures, and their morphologies and compositions were characterized by SEM-EDS and XRD, respectively. The results show that from 573 to 773 K, uranium deposits evolve form one-dimensional needle-like to multidimensional dendritic structures. No dendrite-free uranium deposits were obtained in the CsCl-containing melts regardless of the temperature.

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“…During sampling of the supernatant, there is a possibility of inadvertently collecting and analyzing undissolved solid RE 2 O 3 , leading to a false result. Some researchers [19,37] have realized this issue and conducted X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the cooled salt to confirm the presence of undissolved RE 2 O 3 in the supernatant. However, the sensitivity of XRD is insufficient to detect undissolved RE 2 O 3 in the supernatant.…”

Section: Isothermal Saturation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase in the rare earth ion concentration after the addition of oxide corresponded to its solubility. However, several studies [36,37,42] have found that, when excessive RE 2 O 3 was added to the molten salt, the concentration of rare earth ions in the liquid phase decreased. As shown in Figure 3a,b, the concentrations of the rare earth ions at their maximum determined the solubility of the rare earth oxides.…”

Section: Isothermal Saturation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The abundance of experimental data shown in Figure 8 indicates the importance of phase equilibrium research in the Nd 2 O 3 -NdF-LiF system, both in terms of theoretical significance and practical applications, which has attracted numerous researchers to invest substantial efforts into studying this area. However, there are significant differences and even contradictions among these experimental data [34][35][36][37][38][39][55][56][57][58]61,62], as detailed in the following two figures. Figure 9 represents the solubility data of Nd2O3 in the NdF3-LiF molten salt at 1100 and 1150 °C, plotted on the ternary phase diagram.…”

Section: Phase Equilibrium Studies In the Rementioning

confidence: 99%

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Phase Equilibrium Study of Rare Earth Oxide–Fluoride Salt System: A Review

Zhou,

Liao,

Liao

et al. 2024

Metals

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The applications of rare earth metals and alloys are becoming increasingly widespread and there is a strong market demand. Currently, most of the production enterprises adopt the fluoride–oxide system for electrolytic preparation of rare earth metals and alloys. The solubility of rare earth oxides in molten salt directly affects the selection of operational parameters in the electrolysis process. When the added amount of RE2O3 is less than its solubility, it leads to a decreased electrolytic efficiency. Conversely, an excessive amount of oxide is prone to settle at the bottom of the electrolytic cell, impeding smooth production. The RE2O3 solubility in the fluoride salt can be represented by the phase equilibrium of the RE2O3-REF3-LiF system. The isothermal lines in the primary phase field of rare earth oxide represent the solubility of the oxide in the fluoride salt at the corresponding temperature. This paper outlines the research methods and experimental results on the phase equilibria of the RE2O3-REF3-LiF system. The characteristics and existing problems in the current phase equilibrium study are analyzed. The solubility data of RE2O3 are expressed in the forms of ternary and pseudo-binary phase diagrams of the RE2O3-REF3-LiF system, providing theoretical guidance for the establishment of an accurate and reliable rare earth electrolysis system database and the optimization of electrolytic processes.

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Rare Earth Electrochemical Property Measurements and Phase Diagram Development in a Complex Molten Salt Mixture for Molten Salt Recycle

Cited by 4 publications

References 71 publications

Redox Potential Measurements of Cr(II)/Cr Ni(II)/Ni and Mg(II)/Mg in Molten MgCl₂–KCl–NaCl Mixture

Redox Potential Measurements of Cr(II)/Cr Ni(II)/Ni and Mg(II)/Mg in Molten MgCl₂–KCl–NaCl Mixture

The Application of Low-Melting LiCl-KCl-CsCl Eutectic to Electrodeposit Uranium Metal

Phase Equilibrium Study of Rare Earth Oxide–Fluoride Salt System: A Review

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Rare Earth Electrochemical Property Measurements and Phase Diagram Development in a Complex Molten Salt Mixture for Molten Salt Recycle

Cited by 4 publications

References 71 publications

Redox Potential Measurements of Cr(II)/Cr Ni(II)/Ni and Mg(II)/Mg in Molten MgCl2–KCl–NaCl Mixture

Redox Potential Measurements of Cr(II)/Cr Ni(II)/Ni and Mg(II)/Mg in Molten MgCl2–KCl–NaCl Mixture

The Application of Low-Melting LiCl-KCl-CsCl Eutectic to Electrodeposit Uranium Metal

Phase Equilibrium Study of Rare Earth Oxide–Fluoride Salt System: A Review

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Redox Potential Measurements of Cr(II)/Cr Ni(II)/Ni and Mg(II)/Mg in Molten MgCl₂–KCl–NaCl Mixture

Redox Potential Measurements of Cr(II)/Cr Ni(II)/Ni and Mg(II)/Mg in Molten MgCl₂–KCl–NaCl Mixture