“…In contrast to chalcogenide fiber lasers, a plenty of fluoride glass fiber lasers have been reported in the past two decades and ten-watt-level output powers have already been demonstrated [14][15][16]. So far there are only a few reviews on the progress of fluoride fiber lasers and they are dated before 1995 [17,18]. In this paper we give an overview of fluoride glass fiber lasers and show their promise for generating highpower emissions covering from UV to mid-infrared.…”
-NaF), considered as the most stable heavy metal fluoride glass and the excellent host for rare-earth ions, has been extensively used for efficient and compact ultraviolet, visible, and infrared fiber lasers due to its low intrinsic loss, wide transparency window, and small phonon energy. In this paper, the historical progress and the properties of fluoride glasses and the fabrication of ZBLAN fibers are briefly described. Advances of infrared, upconversion, and supercontinuum ZBLAN fiber lasers are addressed in detail. Finally, constraints on the power scaling of ZBLAN fiber lasers are analyzed and discussed. ZBLAN fiber lasers are showing promise of generating high-power emissions covering from ultraviolet to mid-infrared considering the recent advances in newly designed optical fibers, beam-shaped high-power pump diodes, beam combining techniques, and heatdissipating technology.
“…In contrast to chalcogenide fiber lasers, a plenty of fluoride glass fiber lasers have been reported in the past two decades and ten-watt-level output powers have already been demonstrated [14][15][16]. So far there are only a few reviews on the progress of fluoride fiber lasers and they are dated before 1995 [17,18]. In this paper we give an overview of fluoride glass fiber lasers and show their promise for generating highpower emissions covering from UV to mid-infrared.…”
-NaF), considered as the most stable heavy metal fluoride glass and the excellent host for rare-earth ions, has been extensively used for efficient and compact ultraviolet, visible, and infrared fiber lasers due to its low intrinsic loss, wide transparency window, and small phonon energy. In this paper, the historical progress and the properties of fluoride glasses and the fabrication of ZBLAN fibers are briefly described. Advances of infrared, upconversion, and supercontinuum ZBLAN fiber lasers are addressed in detail. Finally, constraints on the power scaling of ZBLAN fiber lasers are analyzed and discussed. ZBLAN fiber lasers are showing promise of generating high-power emissions covering from ultraviolet to mid-infrared considering the recent advances in newly designed optical fibers, beam-shaped high-power pump diodes, beam combining techniques, and heatdissipating technology.
“…An important performance issue in lanthanide doped silica glasses is concentration quenching caused by ion-ion interactions. The onset of metastable-state lifetime quenching in these materials can occur at concentrations less than or near 0.1 wt.% [15], an effect enhanced by microscopic clustering. The main reason for clustering stems from a lack of available non-bridging oxygen atoms in silica to which the rare earth ions coordinate.…”
Lanthanide complexes, Eu(dbm) 3 (Phen), [Et 4 N][Eu(nta) 4 ] and Er(dbm) 3 (Phen), are employed as luminescent dopants within planar waveguides based on a UV-processable fluorinated polymer material. Thin films doped with each of the complexes are fabricated and their spectroscopic properties investigated in detail. The films act as low loss multi-mode planar waveguides capable of guiding visible and near infrared light emitted following optical excitation of the lanthanide dopants. Judd-Ofelt parameters are calculated for the europium complex dopants and effects of the polymer host environment on the photophysical properties of the chelates are identified. The radiative properties of the europium complexes are also determined viz. their potential for use in optical amplification applications.
“…One approach is to replace silica with alternative types of glass, which can possess a transparency window extending into the mid-infrared (mid-IR), have higher solubility of rare-earth ions and/or high optical nonlinearities [12][13][14][15][16][17]. For example, phosphate glasses can accommodate a high concentration of rare-earth ions (up to 10 21 cm -3 , 50 times higher than silica) because of their open and disordered matrix structure [18].…”
Semiconductor optoelectronic fiber technology has seen rapid development in recent years thanks to advancements in fabrication and post-processing techniques. Integrating the optical and electronic functionality of semiconductor materials into a fiber geometry has opened up many possibilities, such as in-fiber frequency generation, signal modulation, photodetection, and solar energy harvesting. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in semiconductor optoelectronic fibers, including fabrication and post-processing methods, materials and their optical properties. The applications in nonlinear optics, optical-electrical conversion, lasers and multimaterial functional fibers will also be highlighted.
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