High-Power ZBLAN Glass Fiber Lasers: Review and Prospect

Zhu, Xiushan; Peyghambarian, N.

doi:10.1155/2010/501956

Cited by 277 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 184 publications

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“…where W R is the radiative transition rate obtained from Judd− Ofelt theory (the spontaneous emission probability A); W CR is the rate of cross-relaxation, and (6) where K OH-Er is a constant which is determined by interactions between Er 3+ ions and OH  groups and is independent of the concentrations of Er 3+ ions and OH  groups. The K OH-Er is 14 × 10 −19 cm 4 ·s −1 in tellurite glasses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Fluorine Ions on 2.7 μm Emission in Er³⁺/Nd³⁺-Codoped Fluorotellurite Glass

Guo

et al. 2012

J. Phys. Chem. A

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The 2.7 μm emission properties of Er 3+ /Nd 3+ -codoped fluorotellurite glasses were investigated in the present work. The thermal stability, refractive index, absorption and transmission spectra, and emission spectra were measured and investigated. The 2.7 μm emission in Er 3+ /Nd 3+ -codoped fluorotellurite glasses was enhanced with the increase of fluorine ions. The Judd−Ofelt analysis based on absorption spectra was performed in order to determine the Judd−Ofelt intensity parameters Ωt (t = 2, 4, 6), spontaneous emission probability, radiative lifetime and branching ratios of Er 3+ : 4 I 11/2 → 4 I 13/2 transition. It is found that the Er 3+ /Nd 3+ -codoped fluorotellurite glass possesses a lower spontaneous transition probability A (58.95 s −1 ) but a higher branching ratio β (15.72%) corresponding to the stimulated emission of Er 3+ : 4 I 11/2 → 4 I 13/2 transition. Additionally, the transmittance was also tested and reached a maximum when the molar concentration of ZnF 2 is 15%. The presence of fluorine ions greatly decreases the population of OH  groups, which affects the 2.7 μm emission effectively by means of decreasing the rate of energy transfer to impurities (e.g., OH  groups). I. INTRODUCTIONThe investigation of solid state lasers operating in the midinfrared wavelength region (2−5 μm) has been taken widely in the past few years. Many potential applications, such as medical lasers, sensing, military counter-measures as well as light detection and ranging (LIDAR) were offered by the devices operating in the mid-infrared wavelength region. 1−3 Light sources in the 2.7 μm region are of great interest owing to the strong absorption by water in this spectral region. Despite the laser characteristics of the 2.7 μm (Er 3+ : 4 I 11/2 → 4 I 13/2 selfterminating transition) are not satisfactory, Er 3+ is an important candidate to provide 2.7 μm emission. Fortunately, codoping of Nd 3+ has been demonstrated to enhance the 2.7 μm emission. 4,5 In order to achieve strong emission at the 2.7 μm region, the main effort so far has been concentrated on the Er 3+ -doped fluoride and chalcogenide glasses because of their low phonon energy which decreases the rate of nonradiative transitions. 6,7 However, the applications of fluoride and chalcogenide glasses are limited due to their poor chemical durability and thermal stability. The oxide and oxyfluoride glasses possess better characteristics in mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical durability than fluoride and chalcogenide glasses and the successful observation of 2.7 μm emission from oxide and oxyfluoride glasses host stand only in a few glass systems up to now. 4,8−10 Because of the low phonon energy and good physicochemical properties of tellurite glasses, it is considered to be a new candidate material for 2.7 μm emission. While, the

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Fluorine Ions on 2.7 μm Emission in Er³⁺/Nd³⁺-Codoped Fluorotellurite Glass

Guo

et al. 2012

J. Phys. Chem. A

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“…Fluoride glasses have attracted much interest as potential materials for high power fiber delivery in the mid-infrared spectral region due to their unique optical properties [1]. They show a wide transmission range from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared region, and have significantly lower theoretical optical loss than that of conventional silicate glass fibers [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of scattering loss in fluoroindate glass fibers

Bei¹,

Monro²,

Hemming³

et al. 2013

Opt. Mater. Express

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“…The tailored WG modes can give diffraction limited beam quality and allow convenient pigtailing to fibre optics. Heavy-metal fluoride glass is well known for its high IR transparency, especially in its most common composition, ZBLAN (ZrF 4 -BaF 2 -LaF 3 -AlF 3 -NaF), thereby making it an attractive host for mid-IR emitting rare-earth ions [2]. A previous study on ultrafast direct writing in ZBLAN glass fibers with a focused low repetition rate (RR) and high pulse energy fs laser demonstrated fiber Bragg gratings based on reduced refractive index regions of Δn ¼ −1 × 10 −3 [3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fifty percent internal slope efficiency femtosecond direct-written Tm^3+:ZBLAN waveguide laser

Lancaster¹,

Gross²,

Ebendorff-Heidepriem³

et al. 2011

Opt. Lett.

127

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High-Power ZBLAN Glass Fiber Lasers: Review and Prospect

Cited by 277 publications

References 184 publications

Effect of Fluorine Ions on 2.7 μm Emission in Er³⁺/Nd³⁺-Codoped Fluorotellurite Glass

Effect of Fluorine Ions on 2.7 μm Emission in Er³⁺/Nd³⁺-Codoped Fluorotellurite Glass

Reduction of scattering loss in fluoroindate glass fibers

Fifty percent internal slope efficiency femtosecond direct-written Tm^3+:ZBLAN waveguide laser

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High-Power ZBLAN Glass Fiber Lasers: Review and Prospect

Cited by 277 publications

References 184 publications

Effect of Fluorine Ions on 2.7 μm Emission in Er3+/Nd3+-Codoped Fluorotellurite Glass

Effect of Fluorine Ions on 2.7 μm Emission in Er3+/Nd3+-Codoped Fluorotellurite Glass

Reduction of scattering loss in fluoroindate glass fibers

Fifty percent internal slope efficiency femtosecond direct-written Tm^3+:ZBLAN waveguide laser

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Product

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Effect of Fluorine Ions on 2.7 μm Emission in Er³⁺/Nd³⁺-Codoped Fluorotellurite Glass

Effect of Fluorine Ions on 2.7 μm Emission in Er³⁺/Nd³⁺-Codoped Fluorotellurite Glass