Rare Causes of Hematuria Associated with Various Vascular Diseases Involving the Upper Urinary Tract

Abstract

Hematuria is a commonly encountered symptom of a wide spectrum of diseases, including calculi, tumors, and vascular abnormalities. In rare cases, hematuria is caused by life-threatening vascular diseases. When hematuria is encountered, physicians sometimes fail to include vascular diseases in the differential diagnosis because of their rare association with hematuria. Likewise, radiologists often fail to do so because of the low frequency of occurrence of these diseases. Multidetector computed tomography performed with the bolus injection technique should be the first-line diagnostic test when vascular disease is suspected. Radiologists should be familiar with the various imaging findings of hematuria caused by vascular disease. They should also be familiar with the management options (including endovascular techniques) for hematuria caused by vascular disease, since in some cases affected patients can be treated with interventional procedures.

Nutcracker Syndrome Accompanying Pelvic Congestion Syndrome: Color Doppler Sonography and Multislice CT Findings: A Case Report

“…The pressure gradient between the left renal vein and IVC should be higher than 3 mmHg to clinch the diagnosis of NCS (3). CDUS, CT, MRI and angiography all demonstrate LRV stenosis with proximal distention and the presence of collateral pathways in NCS (11). Narrowing of the LRV called the “beak sign” and CT findings can be useful for the diagnosis of NCS, and they reflect the pathophysiology of LRV compression between the SMA and the aorta (4).…”

Renal arteriovenous malformation: an unusual cause of recurrent haematuria

“…Renal AVMs are classified into two main categories. Congenital renal AVMs that accounts for less than 25% of all renal AVMs 4. The other type is acquired or idiopathic lesion that accounts for 75% of all renal AVMs.…”

Genitourinary System

“…Doppler interrogation is key, as it demonstrates vascular, arterial, and mosaic vascular fl ow within the anechoic areas (Muraoka et al 2008 ). On CECT, arterial imaging demonstrates brisk enhancement, but if only delayed imaging is obtained.…”