Rapidly Progressive Pneumonia Due to Aeromonas hydrophila Shortly after Near-drowning.

Miyake, Makoto; Iga, Kanji; Izumi, Chisato; Miyagawa, Aya; Kobashi, Yoichiro; Konishi, Takashi

doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.39.1128

Cited by 42 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Some strains of A. hydrophila are also reported to cause infections in humans. The clinical symptoms include septicemia (17), meningitis (25), peritonitis (35), pneumonia (32), myonecrosis (34), and diarrhea (21). The genus Aeromonas has been classified into 96 serogroups (50,60), and a role for surface polysaccharides in the pathogenicity of certain A. hydrophila strains has been proposed.…”

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confidence: 99%

NovelAeromonas hydrophilaPPD134/91 Genes Involved in O-Antigen and Capsule Biosynthesis

Zhang¹,

Arakawa

Leung

2002

Infect Immun

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The sequences of the O-antigen and capsule gene clusters of the virulent Aeromonas hydrophila strain PPD134/91 were determined. The O-antigen gene cluster is 17,296 bp long and comprises 17 genes. Seven pathway genes for the synthesis of rhamnose and mannose, six transferase genes, one O unit flippase gene, and one O-antigen chain length determinant gene were identified by amino acid sequence similarity. PCR and Southern blot analysis were performed to survey the distribution of these 17 genes among 11 A. hydrophila strains of different serotypes. A. hydrophila PPD134/91 might belong to serotype O:18, as represented by JCM3980; it contained all the same O-antigen genes as JCM3980 (97 to 100% similarity at the DNA and amino acid levels). The capsule gene cluster of A. hydrophila PPD134/91 is 17,562 bp long and includes 13 genes, which were assembled into three distinct regions similar to those of the group II capsule gene cluster of Escherichia coli and other bacteria. Regions I and III contained four and two capsule transport genes, respectively. Region II had five genes which were highly similar to capsule synthesis pathway genes found in other bacteria. Both the purified O-antigen and capsular polysaccharides increased the ability of the avirulent A. hydrophila strain PPD35/85 to survive in naïve tilapia serum. However, the purified surface polysaccharides had no inhibitory effect on the adhesion of A. hydrophila PPD134/91 to carp epithelial cells.Surface polysaccharides, such as O-antigen and capsule, are important bacterial cell surface components. The O-antigen polysaccharide is covalently ligated to the lipid A-core complex and extends outward from the cell surface. The capsule is an extracellular polysaccharide enclosing the bacterium while remaining attached to the cell. Both the O-antigen polysaccharide and the capsule are composed of repeating oligosaccharide units (44). They act as prominent antigens and play important roles in the pathogenicity of many bacterial pathogens, such as protecting bacterial cells from complement-mediated serum killing (20, 30), acting as adhesion factors (31), protecting the bacteria from the effects of desiccation (38), and aiding survival in phagocytes (56). The serogrouping of bacterial strains within a genus is determined by the structural variability of surface polysaccharides. For example, Escherichia coli strains are divided into more than 160 serogroups based on the different surface polysaccharides (67). Klebsiella species have been classified into 72 serogroups based on the structural variability of their capsular polysaccharides (39).Aeromonas hydrophila is an important pathogen of a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial animals, especially fish (4). In fish, it causes hemorrhagic septicemia, which often results in high mortalities in commercial aquaculture. Some strains of A. hydrophila are also reported to cause infections in humans. The clinical symptoms include septicemia (17), meningitis (25), peritonitis (35), pneumonia (32), myonecrosis (34), and diarrh...

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confidence: 99%

NovelAeromonas hydrophilaPPD134/91 Genes Involved in O-Antigen and Capsule Biosynthesis

Zhang¹,

Arakawa

Leung

2002

Infect Immun

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“…Hypermagnesemia has also been reported in humans that have drowned in sea water, presumably due to aspiration of the magnesium-rich water (Zhu et al, 2005). Bacterial and fungal pneumonia have been reported as sequelae to near-drowning in humans (Janssen et al, 1996;Miyake et al, 2000). Whether aspiration of sea water is directly related to the relatively high incidence of pneumonia seen in coldstunned Kemp's ridley turtles is open to speculation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathologic and Parasitologic Findings of Cold-Stunned Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys Kempii) Stranded on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2001–2006

Innis

Nyaoke

Williams

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Necropsy reports for 28 stranded, cold-stunned Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) that died between 2001 and 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. Gross and microscopic lesions were compiled to describe the pathologic and parasitologic findings in turtles that were found freshly dead on the beach or that died within 48 hr of stranding. Anatomic lesions of varying severity were identified in each of the examined turtles and were identified in tissues of the alimentary, respiratory, integumentary, nervous and sensory, and urogenital systems in order of decreasing frequency. Necrotizing enterocolitis and bacterial or fungal pneumonia were the most frequently encountered lesions that were considered clinically significant. Parasites and parasitic lesions were identified primarily in tissues of the alimentary system and included intestinal cestodiasis and parasitic granulomas containing larval cestodes or nematodes. Postlarval cestodes were also found in the coelom of two turtles. In many cases, the extent and severity of lesions were judged to be insufficient to have solely caused mortality, suggesting that additional factors such as metabolic, respiratory, and electrolyte derangements; hypothermia; and drowning may be important proximate causes of death in cold-stunned turtles. Results of this study provide insight into pathologic conditions that may be of clinical relevance to rehabilitation efforts for coldstunned sea turtles.

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“…Fires are often initially neutralized with local water supplies, which may seed aeromonads into traumatized or devitalized tissues (161). Neardrowning events in irrigation ditch water (209) or seawater (217) can also lead to Aeromonas pneumonia and septicemia. In some fatal cases of sepsis, the suspected precipitating events leading to infection and the patient's demise (consumption of nonpotable water at the beach, bathing legs in a bucket of water) may not even be viewed as significant at the time of their occurrence (105,246).…”

Section: Blood-borne Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first group involves major trauma, the most common of which is near-drowning events, of which there are an estimated 16,000 to 160,000 instances in the United States annually (69). Recent cases of Aeromonas pneumonia accompanying septicemia have been linked to near-drowning events involving seawater (217), a shallow irrigation ditch, and other massive aquatic exposures (178,209). The rapid demise of patients in this setting can be as quick as 9 h from the initial insult to time of death (209).…”

Section: Respiratory Tract Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The GenusAeromonas: Taxonomy, Pathogenicity, and Infection

2010

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SUMMARY Over the past decade, the genus Aeromonas has undergone a number of significant changes of practical importance to clinical microbiologists and scientists alike. In parallel with the molecular revolution in microbiology, several new species have been identified on a phylogenetic basis, and the genome of the type species, A. hydrophila ATCC 7966, has been sequenced. In addition to established disease associations, Aeromonas has been shown to be a significant cause of infections associated with natural disasters (hurricanes, tsunamis, and earthquakes) and has been linked to emerging or new illnesses, including near-drowning events, prostatitis, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Despite these achievements, issues still remain regarding the role that Aeromonas plays in bacterial gastroenteritis, the extent to which species identification should be attempted in the clinical laboratory, and laboratory reporting of test results from contaminated body sites containing aeromonads. This article provides an extensive review of these topics, in addition to others, such as taxonomic issues, microbial pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance markers.

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Rapidly Progressive Pneumonia Due to Aeromonas hydrophila Shortly after Near-drowning.

Cited by 42 publications

References 12 publications

NovelAeromonas hydrophilaPPD134/91 Genes Involved in O-Antigen and Capsule Biosynthesis

NovelAeromonas hydrophilaPPD134/91 Genes Involved in O-Antigen and Capsule Biosynthesis

Pathologic and Parasitologic Findings of Cold-Stunned Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys Kempii) Stranded on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2001–2006

The GenusAeromonas: Taxonomy, Pathogenicity, and Infection

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