Rapid, Multianalyte Detection of Opioid Metabolites in Wastewater

Abstract

By monitoring opioid metabolites, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) could be an excellent tool for real-time information on the consumption of illicit drugs. A key limitation of WBE is the reliance on costly laboratory-based techniques that require substantial infrastructure and trained personnel, resulting in long turnaround times. Here, we present an aptamer-based graphene field effect transistor (AptG-FET) platform for simultaneous detection of three different opioid metabolites. This platform provides a reliable, rapid, and inexpensive method for quantitative analysis of opioid metabolites in wastewater. The platform delivers a limit of detection 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than previous reports, but in line with the concentration range (pg/mL to ng/mL) of these opioid metabolites present in real samples. To enable multianalyte detection, we developed a facile, reproducible, and high-yield fabrication process producing 20 G-FETs with integrated side gate platinum (Pt) electrodes on a single chip. Our devices achieved the selective multianalyte detection of three different metabolites: noroxycodone (NX), 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), and norfentanyl (NF) in wastewater diluted 20× in buffer.

Femtomolar Level-Specific Detection of Lead Ions in Aqueous Environments, Using Aptamer-Derivatized Graphene Field-Effect Transistors

“…The underlying mechanism related to FET-based detection is broadly understood − ,, and involves the modulation of the electrical current ( I ds ) in the graphene channel between the drain and source electrodes, by the sensing moiety, such as the Pb 2+ ionwhich has been considered here as attached to the Ap yielding the APG. When there is no attached Pb 2+ , there would be a particular gate voltage ( V g ) where the I ds may be tuned to a minimum: blue trace in Figure d.…”

Epitaxial Atomic Substitution for MoS2–MoN Heterostructure Synthesis

“…As shown in Figure 5a, a 30-nm thick Al 2 O 3 film as a mask is deposited on the patterned region of a three-layered exfoliated MoS 2 flake via e-beam evaporation. 68,69 The sample is then heated up to 720 °C under the ammonia atmosphere. The optical image after 60 min of reaction (Figure 5b) clearly shows that the exposed area of MoS 2 undergoes the conversion process and the optical contrast changes, while the Al 2 O 3 -protected region retains the same optical contrast.…”

“…Future studies on interlayer coupling between MoS 2 and MoN and the properties of the moirésuperlattice are needed to provide deeper understanding of the high-contrast moirépattern in large area.Taking advantage of the high conductivity of MoN which can be utilized as desired electrode materials for semiconducting MoS 2 FETs,47,48 we further apply a mask-assisted conversion method to fabricate the atomically bonded MoS 2 − MoN lateral heterostructures with a designed pattern for the study of electrical properties. As shown in Figure5a, a 30-nm thick Al 2 O 3 film as a mask is deposited on the patterned region of a three-layered exfoliated MoS 2 flake via e-beam evaporation.68,69 The sample is then heated up to 720 °C under the ammonia atmosphere. The optical image after 60 min of reaction (Figure5b) clearly shows that the exposed area of MoS 2 undergoes the conversion process and the optical contrast changes, while the Al 2 O 3 -protected region retains the same optical contrast.…”

Recent Advances in the Applications of Carbon Nanostructures on Optical Sensing of Emerging Aquatic Pollutants

“…The recent pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) necessitates the establishment of analytical techniques to detect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2 in hospital and domestic wastewater [47] . In this context, carbon nanostructures are excellent sensing platforms for developing such analytical sensors due to their unique optical and physical properties [48] …”

“…[47] In this context, carbon nanostructures are excellent sensing platforms for developing such analytical sensors due to their unique optical and physical properties. [48]…”