Rapid Manufacturable Ventilator for Respiratory Emergencies of COVID-19 Disease

Tharion, J.; Kapil, Shikha; Muthu, N.; Kanagaraj, S.

doi:10.1007/s41403-020-00118-6

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Mechanization of AMBU bag unit has been pursued by many researchers across the world using various mechanisms such as cam-and-follower [ 47 ], slider-crank [ 49 , 50 ], rack and pinion [ 51 ], dual-cam [ 54 ], and several complex kinematic and pneumatic systems [ 48 , 52 , 53 ] leading to a number of patents and effectivity analyses. In most of these mechanisms, the AMBU bag is subjected to nonuniform clamping force as being pressed between one moving clamp and one fixed clamp.…”

Section: Scope and Significance Of The Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Analysis of a Low-Cost Electronically Controlled Mobile Ventilator, Incorporating Mechanized AMBU Bag, for Patients during COVID-19 Pandemic

Kshetry

Gupta

Chattopadhyaya

et al. 2022

Journal of Healthcare Engineering

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The outbreak of novel COVID-19 has severely and unprecedentedly affected millions of people across the globe. The painful respiratory distress caused during this disease calls for external assistance to the victims in the form of ventilation. The most common types of artificial ventilating units available at the healthcare facilities and hospitals are exorbitantly expensive to manufacture, and their number is fairly inadequate even in the so-called developed countries to cater to the burning needs of an ever-increasing number of ailing human subjects. According to available reports, without the provision of ventilation, the novel COVID-19 patients are succumbing to their ailments in a huge number of cases. This colossal problem of the availability of ventilator units can be addressed to a great extent by readily producible and cost-effective ventilating units that can be used on those suffering patients during an acute emergency and in the absence of conventional expensive ventilators at hospitals and medical care units. This paper has made an attempt to design and simulate a simple, yet effective, mechanized ventilator unit, which can be conveniently assembled without a profuse skillset and operated to resuscitate an ailing human patient. The stepper motor-controlled kinematic linkage is designed to deliver the patient with a necessitated discharge of air at optimum oxygen saturation through the AMBU bag connected in a ventilation circuit. With the associated code on MATLAB, the motor control parameters such as angular displacement and speed are deduced according to the input patient conditions (age group, tidal volume, breathing rate, etc.) and thereafter fed to the controller that drives the stepper motor. With a proposed feedback loop, the real-time static and dynamic compliance, airway resistance values can be approximately determined from the pressure variation cycle and fed to the controller unit to adjust the tidal volume as and when necessary. The simplistic yet robust design not only renders easy manufacturability by conventional and rapid prototyping techniques like 3D printing at different scales but also makes the product easily portable with minimal handling difficulty. Keeping the motto of Health for All as envisioned by the WHO, this low-cost indigenously engineered ventilator will definitely help the poor and afflicted towards their right to health and will help the medical professionals buy some time to manage the patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) towards recovery. Moreover, this instrument mostly includes readily available functional units having standard specifications and can be considered as standard bought-out items.

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Section: Scope and Significance Of The Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Analysis of a Low-Cost Electronically Controlled Mobile Ventilator, Incorporating Mechanized AMBU Bag, for Patients during COVID-19 Pandemic

Kshetry

Gupta

Chattopadhyaya

et al. 2022

Journal of Healthcare Engineering

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“…Their ventilator has been successfully demonstrated to various hospitals. Tharion et al ( 2020 ) designed a ventilator using readily available materials, which can be assembled in a short time. An offset slider-crank mechanism is employed in their design.…”

Section: Development Of Computer Models and Apps For Managing The Panmentioning

confidence: 99%

PREFACE on the Special Issue ‘Technologies for Fighting COVID-19’

Agrawal

Singh

2020

Trans Indian Natl. Acad. Eng.

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“…Despite vaccinations being underway [18] , the virus is still present, another flu virus risk is latent, and several economies cannot afford to buy first-world ventilators. Due to the complexity of measuring flow, some ventilators produced were only capable of measuring pressure [19] – [21] . Some ventilators [22] – [24] operate by gradually tightening the angle of an artificial manual breathing unit (AMBU), which allows them to estimate the volume.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Pressure Spirometry for Mechanical Ventilation Using Dichotomic Search

Rodríguez-Olivares

Nava-Balanzar

Barriga-Rodríguez

2021

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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In invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), it is critical that the flow value is estimated correctly, as it is used as a trigger variable for ventilatory assistance. Furthermore, the numerical integration of the flow allows the calculation of the total volume per breath (tidal volume), which clinicians use to identify trauma or lung capacity in the patient. The current COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the need to develop safe and efficient techniques for measuring this spirometry variable because many mechanical ventilators delivered to hospitals were unable to measure it directly. A good device to estimate flow is a D-lite sensor, which works by the Venturi effect, is cheap, reusable, and proximal to the patient. However, the regressions applied to the flow estimation model are limited for use in real conditions. This article presents a flow estimation method that uses a D-Lite device, a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) cell, and two pressure sensors as critical items. Our novel method adapts the dichotomous search algorithm instead of conventional regression algorithms to estimate flow using a D-lite sensor; this change in the standard procedure allowed us a fast calibration process, a good low-flow estimation, and low computational time for flow estimation. The method was validated experimentally to compute the tidal volume according to the measurement requirement error range of +/-10%. The consideration of FiO2 percentage in the gas mixture and the good low-flow estimation make this novel method useful for real ventilation conditions. The flow calculations have been performed at different ambient conditions and compared with gas analyzers show an average relative error of up to 4.86%. Finally, we present an analysis of the error flow estimation considering the variation in each variable. Technical recommendations for applying this novel method to achieve invasive mechanical ventilation safely are presented, based on the capabilities of the embedded system used by developers.

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Rapid Manufacturable Ventilator for Respiratory Emergencies of COVID-19 Disease

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Design and Analysis of a Low-Cost Electronically Controlled Mobile Ventilator, Incorporating Mechanized AMBU Bag, for Patients during COVID-19 Pandemic

Design and Analysis of a Low-Cost Electronically Controlled Mobile Ventilator, Incorporating Mechanized AMBU Bag, for Patients during COVID-19 Pandemic

PREFACE on the Special Issue ‘Technologies for Fighting COVID-19’

Differential Pressure Spirometry for Mechanical Ventilation Using Dichotomic Search

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