Rapid grain refinement of 2024 Al alloy through recrystallization induced by electropulsing

Xu, Xiaofeng; Zhao, Yi; Ma, Bingdong; Zhang, Jiatao; Zhang, Ming

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2014.06.057

Cited by 60 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Different techniques based on treatment of the melt, such as agitation, physical methods (very fast cooling rates that ensure high degree of undercooling), (thermo)-mechanical processes as well as addition of chemical elements, which is known as inoculation, are available. In the former cases, grain refinement (of wrought aluminium alloys) has been obtained though different mechanisms like recrystallization induced by electropulsing as reported by Xu et al [1], deformation induced precipitation as demonstrated in the work of Cai et al [2] or by the application high-pressure torsion [3,4]. In the latter case, grain refinement of wrought alloys by inoculation relies on the addition of commercial master alloys based on the Al-Ti-B ternary system [5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Assessment of the influence of Al–2Nb–2B master alloy on the grain refinement and properties of LM6 (A413) alloy

Bolzoni

Nowak

Babu

2015

Materials Science and Engineering: A

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a b s t r a c tCast aluminium alloys are important structural materials but their performances are not optimised due to the lack of appropriate grain refiners. In this study, the effect of the addition of a novel Nb-based grain refiner on the microstructural features and mechanical behaviour of the LM6 alloy (A413) is studied. Specifically, the effect of Nb-B inoculation is assessed over a great range of cooling rates (2-100 1C/s). It is found that Nb-based compounds (i.e., NbB 2 and Al 3 Nb) are potent heterogeneous nucleation sites for aluminium and this leads to a significant refinement of the microstructural features. The refinement is not hindered by the formation of silicides, as it happens when using Al-Ti-B master alloys, because niobium silicides form at much higher temperature. It is concluded that the Al-2Nb-2B master alloy is a very effective refiner especially at slow cooling rate and the refinement of the grain size leads to improved performances (homogeneous fine grain structure, mechanical properties and porosity).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Assessment of the influence of Al–2Nb–2B master alloy on the grain refinement and properties of LM6 (A413) alloy

Bolzoni

Nowak

Babu

2015

Materials Science and Engineering: A

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“…As early as the 1990s, scientists and engineers have studied the effect of electric current pulse on the structures and properties of metallic materials by investigating ‘electromigration’ [ 2 , 3 ] and the ‘electro-plasticity effect’ [ 4 ] in metals. Subsequently, electric current pulses were applied to a variety of metals and alloys, including copper [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], titanium [ 11 , 12 ], magnesium alloys [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], aluminium alloys [ 17 , 18 ], tungsten [ 19 ], steels [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], shape memory alloys [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], amorphous crystals and metallic glass [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. The influence of electropulsing on the properties and performance of metallic materials depends on their original microstructure, crystal orientation, crystallinity and the degree of deformation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of High-Density Electropulsing to Improve the Performance of Metallic Materials: Mechanisms, Microstructure and Properties

et al. 2018

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The technology of high-density electropulsing has been applied to increase the performance of metallic materials since the 1990s and has shown significant advantages over traditional heat treatment in many aspects. However, the microstructure changes in electropulsing treatment (EPT) metals and alloys have not been fully explored, and the effects vary significantly on different material. When high-density electrical pulses are applied to metals and alloys, the input of electric energy and thermal energy generally leads to structural rearrangements, such as dynamic recrystallization, dislocation movements and grain refinement. The enhanced mechanical properties of the metals and alloys after high-density electropulsing treatment are reflected by the significant improvement of elongation. As a result, this technology holds great promise in improving the deformation limit and repairing cracks and defects in the plastic processing of metals. This review summarizes the effect of high-density electropulsing treatment on microstructural properties and, thus, the enhancement in mechanical strength, hardness and corrosion performance of metallic materials. It is noteworthy that the change of some properties can be related to the structure state before EPT (quenched, annealed, deformed or others). The mechanisms for the microstructural evolution, grain refinement and formation of oriented microstructures of different metals and alloys are presented. Future research trends of high-density electrical pulse technology for specific metals and alloys are highlighted.

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“…The temperature of the specimen remains at the recrystallization temperature for a period of time when the specimen is affected by repeated heat during the deposition process, and the new grains grow up and gradually replace the original grains grown by thermal effect. The sequence of recrystallization involves the disappearance of adjacent subgrains and the combination of subgrains, and this process does not affect the crystal structure of grains [ 16 , 17 ]. Compared with the other two processes, the controlled heat input process (Specimen D) has a shorter test time and lower temperature, so it produces the fewest coarse recrystallized grains, along with a smaller average grain size and more uniform grain size.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional Control and Optimization of Heat Input during CMT by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Modeling and Microstructure Effects

2021

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminum-magnesium (Al–Mg) ER5356 alloy deposits is accomplished by cold metal transfer (CMT). During the process, the temperature change of the alloy deposits has a great influence on molding quality, and the microstructure and properties of alloy deposits are also affected by the complex thermal history of the additive manufacturing process. Here, we used an inter-layer cooling process and controlled the heat input process to attempt to reduce the influence of thermal history on alloy deposits during the additive process. The results showed that inter-layer cooling can optimize the molding quality of alloy deposits, but with the disadvantages of a long test time and slow deposition rate. A simple and uniform reduction of heat input makes the molding quality worse, but controlling the heat input by regions can optimize the molding quality of the alloy deposits. The thermophysical properties of Al-Mg alloy deposits were measured, and we found that the specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity of alloy deposits were not obviously affected by the temperature. The microstructure and morphology of the deposited specimens were observed and analyzed by microscope and electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD). The process of controlled heat input results in a higher deposition rate, less side-wall roughness, minimum average grain size, and less coarse recrystallization. In addition, different thermal histories lead to different texture types in the inter-layer cooling process. Finally, a controlled heat input process yields the highest average microhardness of the deposited specimen, and the fluctuation range is small. We expect that the process of controlling heat input by model height region will be widely used in the WAAM field.

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Rapid grain refinement of 2024 Al alloy through recrystallization induced by electropulsing

Cited by 60 publications

References 21 publications

Assessment of the influence of Al–2Nb–2B master alloy on the grain refinement and properties of LM6 (A413) alloy

Assessment of the influence of Al–2Nb–2B master alloy on the grain refinement and properties of LM6 (A413) alloy

Application of High-Density Electropulsing to Improve the Performance of Metallic Materials: Mechanisms, Microstructure and Properties

Regional Control and Optimization of Heat Input during CMT by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Modeling and Microstructure Effects

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