Rapid Determination of the Calcium Content of Lead-Calcium Alloys by Titrating in the Molten State with Metallic Antimony

Bouton, G. M.; Phipps, G. S.

doi:10.1149/1.3071821

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A comparison of the low bismuth primary and the refined secondary lead measures the combined effect of all four trace elements, the major element being bismuth. It is recognized that after addition of calcium, the antimony content will decrease due to the interaction of these two elements (17). The compound Ca3Sb2 is 33 w/o calcium.…”

Section: Alloy Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Base Lead Composition on Metallurgical Properties of Maintenance‐Free Battery Alloys

Caldwell¹,

Sokolov²

1976

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of trace element additions on the microstructure and age-hardening properties of Pb-Ca and P b -C a -S n alloys for maintenance-free batteries are reported. A specific laboratory casting procedure duplicating grid solidification conditions and the solidification-cast property relationships upon which it is based are discussed. It was found that bismuth, antimony, copper, and silver in amounts typical of high bismuth primary and refined secondary base leads have little or no influence on microstructure in Pb-0.085Ca and P b -0.085Ca-0.8Sn. The addition of trace elements increased the early hardness of Pb-0.085Ca-0.8Sn but had no effect in Pb-0.085Ca. * Electrochemical Society Active Member. ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 129.173.72.87 Downloaded on 2014-12-26 to IP

show abstract

Section: Alloy Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Base Lead Composition on Metallurgical Properties of Maintenance‐Free Battery Alloys

Caldwell¹,

Sokolov²

1976

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A rapid method to determine the calcium content of lead alloys is a liquidmetal titration using lead-antimony (1%) (54). The end point is indicated by a gray oxide film pattern on the surface of a solidified sample of the metal when observed at a 458 angle to a light source.…”

Section: Lead-calciummentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead and Lead Alloys

King¹,

Ramachandran²,

Prengaman³

et al. 2005

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

On a weight basis lead is the fifth most used metal in the world. As a metal, lead is prized for properties such as high density, ease of fabrication, chemical stability in air and water, ability to absorb high energy radiation, and for its electrochemistry, especially the reaction with sulfuric acid. The lead–acid storage battery is used worldwide. Lead also forms alloys and compounds. Lead is generally recovered from ores containing 2–6% lead sulfide. After concentration, the sulfide is smelted to metal, refined to remove impurities, and the valuable by‐products such as silver and gold recovered. Refining and by‐product recovery are achieved by traditional pyrometallurgical and electrolytic methods. These primary production methods are described. Recycling of the lead in scrap lead–acid batteries is steadily increasing and, in the United States, accounts for two‐thirds of the lead consumed annually. Secondary production methods are described, including technologies under development to improve recycling capabilities. The principal metals alloyed with lead are antimony, arsenic, calcium, copper, tin, tellurium, and silver. Minor alloying elements are cadmium, bismuth, selenium, indium, aluminum, and strontium. Lead alloys are generally melted and cast into molds to produce useful shapes. The alloys are also rolled, extruded, and forged. The primary use for lead alloys is in the production of battery parts for lead–acid batteries. Smaller but significant uses are ammunition, cable sheathing, sheet for roofing and construction, insoluble anodes, solders, and special low melting point materials. Lead is toxic to the kidney, cardiovascular system, developing red blood cells, peripheral and central nervous systems, testes, and fetus. Exposure to lead may occur from a variety of occupational and nonoccupational sources. Exposure, toxicity, and detection of lead in humans is discussed as is the treatment of lead poisoning.

show abstract

“…NY method for the determination of weak acids in aqueous l solution is limited in its scope by two fundamental requirements: The substance to be determined must be appreciably stronger than water as an acid, and the concentration must be appreciably larger than the concentration of hydrogen ions from the water. A number of authors (2,4) have estimated the limitations of the potentiometric method and their findings have been summarized by Kolthoff and Furman (5). Roller (6) in particular has estimated that there will be an inflection point in the potentiometric of pH titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base only if the product of the concentration, C, and the ionization constant, K, is greater than 27 times the dissociation constant of water (about 3 X 10~13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status of Analysis by Titration

Elving¹

1954

Anal. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rapid Determination of the Calcium Content of Lead-Calcium Alloys by Titrating in the Molten State with Metallic Antimony

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of Base Lead Composition on Metallurgical Properties of Maintenance‐Free Battery Alloys

Effect of Base Lead Composition on Metallurgical Properties of Maintenance‐Free Battery Alloys

Lead and Lead Alloys

Current Status of Analysis by Titration

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About