Rapid coagulation of polystyrene latex in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer

Lichtenbelt, J.W.Th.; Pathmamanoharan, C.; Wiersema, P.H

doi:10.1016/0021-9797(74)90363-4

Cited by 102 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…where r mn is the distance of particle m and n in the aggregate, and P 1 (q) is: From eqn (8) and (9), using RGD approximation, 13,15 one can find that [I 2 (q)/2I 1 (q) À 1] is approximately equal to [sin(2aq)/2aq]. Therefore, eqn (6) can then be expressed as:…”

Section: 1314mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, in static and dynamic light scattering, we have k f [dI(q,t)/dt] 0 /I (q,0) and k f [d(r h (t)/r h (0))/dt] 0 , respectively, according to eqn (6) and eqn (15). By estimating the rate at which I(q) or r h change with time in static or dynamic light scattering at the very beginning of the coagulation, the relative coagulation rate can also be obtained.…”

Section: Additional Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To bypass this problem, Holthoff et al 8 suggested an approach in which eqn (6) and (15) are combined so that I 2 (q)/2I 1 (q) is cancelled out. Therefore:…”

Section: Simultaneous Static and Dynamic Light Scattering (Ssdls)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,15 As it is developed from Rayleigh theory, the RGD theory is only valid for small particles. In the study of colloidal coagulation, the colloidal suspension is usually dilute, so that the structure factor S(q) can be neglected.…”

Section: 1314mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these results are also instructive for other light scattering methods discussed in Section 2, because of their similarity. Compared with regular forms used in static and dynamic light scattering, the expressions for the CRC (k 11 ), such as eqn (6) and (15), have been adjusted in Section 2 to make them more comparable with that for turbidity in Section 3.…”

Section: Additional Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in coagulation rate measurements of colloidal dispersions

Sun

2011

Soft Matter

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This article reviews recent advances in coagulation rate measurements of colloidal dispersions, with emphasis on the turbidity method. For turbidity method, measurement of the coagulation rate relies upon the turbidity change resulting from the coagulation process, and the measuring sensitivity significantly depends on particle size and the wavelength used. There exists a ''zero sensitivity'' blind point for measurement at a specific wavelength, suggesting that such measurements should be performed at a wavelength some distance from the blind point. The major difficulty in determining absolute coagulation rate constant (CRC) by light scattering and turbidity measurements is how to theoretically solve the scattering problem of 2-particle aggregates. The T-matrix method accurately solves this problem, showing its superiority over various earlier theoretical approximations (applicable only to small particles). Results from studies on effects of forward scattering, multiple scattering, etc., provide guidelines for choosing proper particle size and volume fraction for the allowed margin of measurement error. Most of these findings on turbidity methods are also valid or applicable to other scattering methods. Finally, we introduce a new microscopic approach to assess the colloidal stability at individual particle levels, by means of directly observing artificially induced collision with the aid of optical tweezers.

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Section: 1314mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Additional Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To bypass this problem, Holthoff et al 8 suggested an approach in which eqn (6) and (15) are combined so that I 2 (q)/2I 1 (q) is cancelled out. Therefore:…”

Section: Simultaneous Static and Dynamic Light Scattering (Ssdls)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 1314mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Additional Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in coagulation rate measurements of colloidal dispersions

Sun

2011

Soft Matter

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Colloids

Bleier¹

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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A colloid is a finely dispersed material, having a high surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio. It is usually a solid particle, but it may be a liquid droplet or a gas bubble. The differences in composition, structure, and interactions between the surface atoms or molecules and those on the interior impart colloids with diverse physicochemical properties that generally deviate from those of both the constituent atoms or molecules and the macroscopic material. Many technological problems relate to the behavior of colloids, especially those dispersed in a liquid or gaseous fluid. Commercial examples include metals, magnetic powders, catalysts, ceramics, minerals, oil recovery, technical glasses, paints and pigments, polymers, pulp and paper, prepared foods, pharmaceuticals, fibers, detergents, and purified water. Natural and biological systems can also depend on the behavior of colloids, and soil science and plant nutrition, meteorology, hematology, membrane science, and medical technology furnish numerous examples. Thus the ubiquity and importance of colloids have made the ability to control their formation, destruction, or stabilization a critical problem, irrespective of whether the colloidal material is deemed desirable or undesirable. This article addresses the physical and chemical properties of colloidal materials, their widespread applications, and the hazards associated with finely dispersed particulates.

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Microspheres prepared with a temperature‐responsive macromonomer

et al. 1993

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A macromonomer was prepared from succinimido methacrylate and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPA) with an amino end group. The macromonomer (MA-PIPA) obtained shows a temperature-responsive transition phenomenon from coil to globule in water at about 36 "C. For the copolymer of MA-PIPA with acrylamide (ratio of monomer residues of Nisopropylacrylamide (IPA) and acrylamide (AAm) 10 : 3), the transition temperature of the PIPA chain was the same as that of the macromonomer, whereas the transition temperature of a linear copolymer of IPA and AAm (ratio of the monomer residues 10: 3) was much higher than that of PIPA (52 "C). Microspheres were prepared by emulsion polymerization of the macromonomer and styrene in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The microspheres obtained show a temperature responsiveness in the critical flocculation concentration. The macromonomer prepared here can be used as a component of temperature-sensitive devices in various forms.

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Rapid coagulation of polystyrene latex in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer

Cited by 102 publications

References 22 publications

Progress in coagulation rate measurements of colloidal dispersions

Progress in coagulation rate measurements of colloidal dispersions

Colloids

Microspheres prepared with a temperature‐responsive macromonomer

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