Raoult's law: A general chemistry experiment

Steffel, Margaret J.

doi:10.1021/ed060p500

J. Chem. Educ.

1983

DOI: 10.1021/ed060p500

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Raoult's law: A general chemistry experiment

Margaret J. Steffel¹

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“…We now present a second GC experiment that promotes discovery of deviations from Raoult's Law in binary mixtures of simple liquids. Experiments dealing with the measurement of vapor pressure and Raoult's Law have appeared in this Journal (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15), and an experiment involving use of GC for Raoult's Law measurements has been described ( 16). This experiment simply and elegantly illustrates liquid-vapor phase equilibrium of ideal and nonideal solutions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiments for Modern Introductory Chemistry: Intermolecular Forces and Raoult's Law

Berka¹,

Kildahl²

1994

J. Chem. Educ.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiments for Modern Introductory Chemistry: Intermolecular Forces and Raoult's Law

Berka¹,

Kildahl²

1994

J. Chem. Educ.

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Raman Spectroscopy as the Method of Detection for Constructing a Binary Liquid–Vapor Phase Diagram

et al. 2011

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b S Supporting Information T he physical chemistry laboratory course is an essential experience to the student wishing to pursue an advanced degree in chemistry or a career in a chemistry related field. A study in 2004 on physical chemistry curriculum points out that physical chemistry bridges physics, chemistry, and mathematics and develops complex critical-thinking skills required by scientists working on projects with interdisciplinary foci. 1 Physical chemistry now encompasses subareas too numerous to list and contributes to the study of almost all the other disciplines in chemistry. Today in a growing number of universities, however, the physical chemistry lab has been scaled back from the traditional two-semester period to just one semester. For example, in a recent informal survey of chemistry programs in the Southern Universities Group, approximately a quarter of the schools now only require one semester of physical chemistry lab to obtain a B.S. degree in chemistry. The loss of a whole semester has different roots, such as the desire to reduce the number of hours in a major or to make room for other new specialty courses such as environmental or forensic chemistry. The problem, therefore, arises in being able to provide students with enough lab experience to encompass the important areas of physical chemistry. Moore pointed out that it is extremely important to make sure the physical chemistry curriculum reflects what physical chemists really do. 2 With this in mind, in 1999, the University of Maryland integrated a program of physical and analytical techniques to investigate significantly more complex systems than those incorporated with one curriculum. 3 In 2004, Grand Valley State University sought to incorporate both computational and traditional physical chemistry laboratories in their curriculum, stating that the coupling of laboratories allows students to experience an experiment from a macroscopic, empirical point of view as well as an abstract, theoretical level that considers molecular-level events. 4 Combining multiple laboratory procedures into fewer multidimensional lab exercises allows students to be provided with opportunities encompassing multiple facets of physical chemistry in a constrained time frame. 5 Constructing a binary liquidÀvapor phase diagram is a classic physical chemistry experiment that is still taught in many chemistry departments and serves to illustrate an important physical concept. Here, we show that two other important concepts can be taught concurrently in this laboratory exercise, specifically molecular spectroscopy and quantum chemistry.The classic binary liquidÀvapor phase diagram experiment utilizes Raoult's law, which states that vapor pressure of an ideal solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of each component. This law is a good approximation for a component only when its mole fraction is close to unity. Deviations, positive or negative, from Raoult's law give insight into the thermodynamic properties of the components involved. There have been...

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The effect of water contamination on the dew-point temperature scale realization with humidity generators

et al. 2013

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The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of contaminated water in the context of humidity generators. Investigation of different methods to determine the drop in dew-point temperature due to contamination and experiments on actual contamination rates are reported. Different methods for calculating the dew-point temperature effect from electrical conductivity and density measurements are studied with high-purity water and aqueous solutions of NaCl and LiCl. The outcomes of the calculation methods are compared with the results of direct humidity measurements. The results show that the often applied Raoult's law based calculation method is in good agreement with other methods.For studying actual contamination, water samples were kept in glass, plastic, copper and stainless-steel vessels for up to 13 months to investigate natural ionic and organic contamination in vessels with different wall materials. The amount of ionic contamination was found to be higher in copper and glass vessels than in stainless-steel and plastic vessels. The amount of organic contamination was found to be highest in the plastic vessel. In all the cases, however, the corresponding drop in dew-point temperature due to natural contamination was found to be below 0.1 mK. The largest rate of change of dew-point temperature was 26 µK/month. Thus, if proper cleanness is maintained in a humidity generator the effect of contamination of water in the saturator is insignificant compared with the major uncertainty components even in the most accurate generators today.

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Raoult's law: A general chemistry experiment

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Experiments for Modern Introductory Chemistry: Intermolecular Forces and Raoult's Law

Experiments for Modern Introductory Chemistry: Intermolecular Forces and Raoult's Law

Raman Spectroscopy as the Method of Detection for Constructing a Binary Liquid–Vapor Phase Diagram

The effect of water contamination on the dew-point temperature scale realization with humidity generators

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