Randomized, phase II dose-finding studies of a modified tick-borne encephalitis vaccine: evaluation of safety and immunogenicity

An Inactivated Ross River Virus Vaccine Is Well Tolerated and Immunogenic in an Adult Population in a Randomized Phase 3 Trial

“…More extensive clinical data are available for inactivated, whole-virus vaccines to prevent diseases caused by flaviviruses, which structurally resemble alphaviruses, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Japanese encephalitis virus, and yellow fever virus (21)(22)(23). The most extensively studied flavivirus vaccine is an alumadjuvanted inactivated whole-virus TBEV vaccine, which has been demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic in a multitude of clinical studies (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) and which has been used in Europe for several decades. In field studies, it has been demonstrated that three immunizations with a 2.4-g dose of the inactivated wholevirus TBEV vaccine provide approximately 99% effectiveness in preventing tick-borne encephalitis (22).…”

Epidemiological and Ecological Studies of Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus

“…The seroconversion rate has been shown in clinical trials to be close to 100% for adults (16 -65 years) [202,203], and children (< 16 years) after 3 doses of FSME-IMMUN [204,205], and equal seroconversion rates has been reported in children (< 12 years) and adults vaccinated with the Encepur vaccine [206,207]. The FSME-IMMUN and Encepur vaccines are interchangeable and doses of either vaccine can successfully be followed by the other [208].…”

The role of particle-mediated DNA vaccines in biodefense preparedness

“…TBE incidence in Europe has been significantly reduced by vaccination. The vaccines are associated with good safety, immunogenicity and efficacy, though reformulated versions of these vaccines are currently in development [132][133][134]. New TBE vaccines tested in animals include selfreplicating non-infectious RNA [135], live-attenuated chimeric flaviviruses [136], and DNA vaccines (reviewed below).…”