Raman characterization of boron-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Maultzsch, Janina; Reich, Stéphanie; Thomsen, C.; Webster, Scott; Czerw, R.; Carroll, D. L.; Vieira, Sara M. C.; Birkett, P. R.; Rego, C.A.

doi:10.1063/1.1512330

Cited by 181 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In fact, the intensity ratio I D /I G 0 is suggested to be a sensitive measure for the defect concentration in carbon nanotubes by some authors. 57,58 An assignment of additional modes visible in the Raman spectra of SWCNTs can be found in the review articles by Saito et al 59 and Dresselhaus et al…”

Section: 21mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Raman spectroscopy of covalently functionalized single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Graupner

2007

J Raman Spectroscopy

304

229

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Raman spectroscopy is one of the most extensively employed methods for the characterization of carbon nanotubes. In this review article, an overview about Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the characterization of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is given. First, the relevant Raman modes in SWCNTs are introduced. Then, in a phenomenological approach, the effects that are observed for the individual modes in the Raman spectra are compiled and discussed. It is shown that special care has to be taken in order to separate the effects of functionalization, which are specific to a subset of the SWCNTs (metallic/semiconducting or diameter dependent), from changes in sample morphology or doping effects.

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Section: 21mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence of defect densities on the relative Raman intensities has also been studied in multiwalled carbon nanotubes. 57,92 Here, no further increase 57 Figure 3. D-and G-band intensity at exc D 532 nm with respect to degree of functionalization using diazonium reagents.…”

Section: D-band Intensity As a Measure Of Functionalization Vsdefect mentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectroscopy of covalently functionalized single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Graupner

2007

J Raman Spectroscopy

304

229

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“…Raman spectra of the silica fibres before and after MWCNT grafting are shown in Several studies [41][42][43] have reported that normalising the D mode intensity with respect to the intensity of the G ' mode is a more reliable method for estimating the defect concentration in nanotube samples [42]. A comparison of the various possible ratios of the Raman signals as a function of position, calculated based on both peak intensity ( Figure 5e) and area (Figure 5f) showed similar trends in all cases.…”

Section: Raman Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterisation of carbon nanotubes grown on silica fibres by injection CVD

Qian

Bismarck

Greenhalgh

et al. 2010

Carbon

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“…[17] The intensity of the D-line is related to the amount of sp 3 defects within the nanotubes, which lower the crystal symmetry of the sp 2 material. [18] Therefore, we concentrate on the changes in the D-line intensities brought about by ECM. The absolute intensity of the D-line in the Raman spectra cannot be used di- After ECM and topological characterization by AFM, the confocal Raman imaging was repeated and the spectra were taken at the same locations as before.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Transport and Confocal Raman Studies of Electrochemically Modified Individual Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2003

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Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), due to their excellent structural and electronic properties, [1] have emerged as an attractive material for various applications including molecular electronics [2,3] and field emission devices. [4] A variety of devices have been realized with SWCNTs, such as single electron transistors (SETs) operating at very low temperatures, [5] field-effect transistors (FETs), [6] chemical sensors, [7] and logic circuits. [8] Besides the use of pristine SWCNTs, it has been shown that SWCNTs can be chemically modified, [9±11] a process which, for example, allowed the fabrication of SETs [12] and memory devices [13] operating at room temperature. Electrochemistry is a well-suited tool for controlled modification of SWCNTs. [14] This approach has been followed using both reductive and oxidative coupling schemes, resulting in thin layers of molecules around the SWCNTs.[15] However, little is known about the nature of chemical coupling between the grafted layers and the carbon framework of an individual nanotube, and also about the effect of chemical modification on its electronic properties. Towards this objective, we report in this communication the detailed investigation of individual electrochemically modified SWCNTs. The characterization methods include electrical transport measurements and confocal Raman spectroscopy, both of which can address selected single SWCNTs or bundles. While transport measurements give information about the electronic properties of an individual SWCNT, confocal Raman spectroscopy on individual nanotubes [16] can detect changes of the vibrational properties and hence the disturbances in the lattice structure of an isolated nanotube. These studies were performed separately on metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs, in both cases comparing the effect of the oxidative and reductive coupling schemes. The electrochemical modification (ECM) of individual SWCNTs was performed with 4-aminobenzylamine (A) using the oxidative scheme and with 4-nitrobenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate (B) employing the reductive scheme. The transport measurements were carried out on the same SWCNTs before and after ECM. Before ECM, the gate dependence of the 2-probe resistance was used to identify a given individual SWCNT as metallic or semiconducting. At room temperature, the unmodified metallic SWCNTs showed a 2-probe resistance in the range 10±25 kX, while the resistance of the semiconducting nanotubes was found to vary between 200 kX and 100 MX among different samples. As control experiments, ECM was performed on selected SWCNTs in the pure electrolyte solution in the absence of A or B. In both cases, neither an increase in height nor a change in the resistance could be detected after modification. Figure 1 summarizes a typical observation made on metallic SWCNTs after oxidative ECM. The SWCNTs were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) before and after ECM to determine the thickness of the grafted layers. The AFM image in Figure 1a shows an individual metallic nanotube contact...

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Raman characterization of boron-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Cited by 181 publications

References 23 publications

Raman spectroscopy of covalently functionalized single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Raman spectroscopy of covalently functionalized single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Synthesis and characterisation of carbon nanotubes grown on silica fibres by injection CVD

Electrical Transport and Confocal Raman Studies of Electrochemically Modified Individual Carbon Nanotubes

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