Rainwater catchment water quality in Micronesia

Dillaha, Theo A.; Zolan, William J.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(85)90121-6

Cited by 46 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…No catchments in our study had E. coli concentrations below our detection limit, which is in disagreement with other studies of rain catchments (Dillaha & Zolan 1985;Pinfold et al 1992;Ariyananda 2003;Evans et al 2007a;Sazakli et al 2007). One possible explanation is that the Sepik Province of PNG is located in the tropics which may have natural reservoirs of these organisms, confounding the results of using E. coli and enterococci to assess water quality (Fujioka et al 1988;Hazen 1988;Rivera et al 1988;Hardina & Fujioka 1991;Fujioka et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…In general, the quality of rain catchment water varies depending on location, topography, weather (Evans et al 2006;Pathak & Heijnen 2006;Evans et al 2007b) and characteristics of the rain catchment (Dillaha & Zolan 1985;Chang et al 2004). Although drinking rainwater has been associated with isolated outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness (Palmer et al 1983;Merrit et al 1999;Taylor et al 2000), well-maintained roof catchments can provide acceptable water for drinking and cooking (Dillaha & Zolan 1985;Evans et al 2007a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although drinking rainwater has been associated with isolated outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness (Palmer et al 1983;Merrit et al 1999;Taylor et al 2000), well-maintained roof catchments can provide acceptable water for drinking and cooking (Dillaha & Zolan 1985;Evans et al 2007a). In a study looking at highly credible gastrointestinal illness in 4-6 year olds, the consumption of properly harvested untreated rainwater did not increase the risk of gastrointestinal illness when compared with consumption of chlorinated and filtered public main water (Heyworth 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Horak

Chynoweth

Myers

et al. 2009

Journal of Water and Health

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In Papua New Guinea, a significant portion of morbidity and mortality is attributed to water-borne diseases. To reduce incidence of disease, communities and non-governmental organizations have installed rain catchments to provide drinking water of improved quality. However, little work has been done to determine whether these rain catchments provide drinking water of better quality than traditional drinking water sources, and if morbidity is decreased in villages with rain catchments. The specific aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of water produced by rain catchments in comparison with traditional drinking water sources in rural villages in the East Sepik Province. Fifty-four water sources in 22 villages were evaluated for enterococci and Escherichia coli densities as well as 14 health-relevant metals. In addition, we examined how the prevalence of diarrhoeal illness in villages relates to the type of primary drinking water source.The majority of tested metals were below World Health Organization safety limits. Catchment water sources had lower enterococci and E. coli than other water sources. Individuals in villages using Sepik River water as their primary water source had significantly higher incidence of diarrhoea than those primarily using other water sources (streams, dug wells and catchments).

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Horak

Chynoweth

Myers

et al. 2009

Journal of Water and Health

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“…Some droughts perhaps could have been foreseen by taking El Niño as an early warning, but foreseeability would not be consistent, considering that McNamara and Prasad (2014) point out that in the three villages which they studied in Vanuatu, the 1994-1995 drought was labelled as being linked to El Niño, whereas the 2005-2006 drought was not. Furthermore, Pacific islanders are used to dry seasons and storing water (Dillaha III and Zolan 1985), which can be completed as long as a wet season exists. Shea (2003) describes that droughts in Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands were especially severe during the 1997-1998 El Niño, devastating agriculture and leading to severe water rationing.…”

Section: El Niñ O As a Constructed Discoursementioning

confidence: 99%

Pacific island regional preparedness for El Niño

Kelman

2017

Environ Dev Sustain

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The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle is often blamed for disasters in Pacific island communities. From a disaster risk reduction (DRR) perspective, the challenges with the El Niño part of the ENSO cycle, in particular, are more related to inadequate vulnerability reduction within development than to ENSO-induced hazard influences. This paper analyses this situation, filling in a conceptual and geographic gap in El Niño-related research, by reviewing El Niño-related preparedness (the conceptual gap) for Pacific islands (the geographic gap). Through exploring El Niño impacts on Pacific island communities alongside their vulnerabilities, resiliences, and preparedness with respect to El Niño, El Niño is seen as a constructed discourse rather than as a damaging phenomenon, leading to suggestions for El Niño preparedness as DRR as part of development. Yet the attention which El Niño garners might bring resources to the Pacific region and its development needs, albeit in the short term while El Niño lasts. Conversely, the attention given to El Niño could shift blame from underlying causes of vulnerability to a hazard-centric viewpoint. Instead of focusing on one hazard-influencing phenomenon, opportunities should be created for the Pacific region to tackle wider DRR and development concerns.

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“…Experience using DRWHS varies largely from country to country, from local initiatives by users or fiscal incentives for new buildings to large national programs or even programs in small islands lacking other water resources [1,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. In this case, this research aims to establish a methodology that helps to identify municipalities with the greatest potential for using this technology and promote further implementation of national public policies in support of communities lacking water services.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Marginalized Communities in Mexico for Implementation of Rainwater Catchment Systems

Sámano-Romero

Mautner

Chávez-Mejía

et al. 2016

Water

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Mexico contains a high percentage of marginalized communities, as well as geographic areas with high annual precipitation (approximately 2000 mm). This study uses regional water access and precipitation data to determine municipalities that would most benefit from the installation of Domestic Rain Water Harvesting Systems (DRWHS). The main objective was to find a relationship between local conditions (marginalization, expected level of service, and precipitation) and the physical components of DRWHS. First, monthly precipitation and the number of inhabitants per household were determined for each municipality. Catchment area and tank size were then calculated for a single dwelling by municipality using water demand, run-off coefficient, monthly precipitation, and number of inhabitants per household. In general, municipalities with very low access to municipal water and very high precipitation were found in the southern area of the country. A curve that estimates catchment area based on annual precipitation was developed using the selected municipalities, which produced an average catchment area of 113.3 m 2 for a water demand of 100 L/capita/day. While any DRWHS must be designed specific to local conditions, this study has determined that a regional approximation can be used to select ideal communities for these systems, which can in turn facilitate national implementation.

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Rainwater catchment water quality in Micronesia

Cited by 46 publications

References 3 publications

Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Pacific island regional preparedness for El Niño

Assessing Marginalized Communities in Mexico for Implementation of Rainwater Catchment Systems

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