Rainfall Modification by Major Urban Areas: Observations from Spaceborne Rain Radar on the TRMM Satellite

Shepherd, J. Marshall; Pierce, Harold F.; Negri, Andrew J.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0689:rmbmua>2.0.co;2

Cited by 448 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The model requires the specification of initial conditions for the entire modeling domain and the lateral boundary conditions for the whole period of the model integration. Surface representation based on topography and land use could be a simple thermal diffusion model or a detailed land surface model with extensive surface and vegetation hydrology (Tewari et al, 2008). In the current application we used WRF coupled with Noah land surface model (Noah LSM) (Mitchell, 2005).…”

Section: The Atmospheric Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many cases, UHI can increase the rainfall in the vicinity of the cities. A number of studies have found an increase in rainfall in regions downwind of urban areas, with increases as high as 25 % in some cases (Shepherd et al, 2002;Mote et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, the radiative properties of the urban environment are found to be distinctly different and to absorb more radiation due to the nature of the urban canopy. These changes in surface heat budget provide the atmospheric conditions over urbanized areas with some unique characteristics compared to those of pristine or rural areas (Shepherd et al, 2002;Pathirana et al, 2013). These changes can have significant impacts on the local circulation and meteorological parameters and their association with precipitation (Aikawa et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flooding in Can Tho city, Vietnam

Huong¹,

Pathirana

2013

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

473

240

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Abstract. Urban development increases flood risk in cities due to local changes in hydrological and hydrometeorological conditions that increase flood hazard, as well as to urban concentrations that increase the vulnerability. The relationship between the increasing urban runoff and flooding due to increased imperviousness is better perceived than that between the cyclic impact of urban growth and the urban rainfall via microclimatic changes. The large-scale, global impacts due to climate variability and change could compound these risks. We present the case of a typical third world city -Can Tho (the biggest city in Mekong River Delta, Vietnam) -faced with multiple future challenges, namely: (i) the likely effect of climate change-driven sea level rise, (ii) an expected increase of river runoff due to climate change as estimated by the Vietnamese government, (iii) increased urban runoff driven by imperviousness, and (iv) enhancement of extreme rainfall due to urban growth-driven, microclimatic change (urban heat islands). A set of model simulations were used to construct future scenarios, combining these influences. Urban growth of the city was projected up to year 2100 based on historical growth patterns, using a land use simulation model (Dinamica EGO). A dynamic limited-area atmospheric model (WRF), coupled with a detailed land surface model with vegetation parameterization (Noah LSM), was employed in controlled numerical experiments to estimate the anticipated changes in extreme rainfall patterns due to urban heat island effect. Finally, a 1-D/2-D coupled urbandrainage/flooding model (SWMM-Brezo) was used to simulate storm-sewer surcharge and surface inundation to establish the increase in the flood hazard resulting from the changes. The results show that under the combined scenario of significant change in river level (due to climate-driven sea level rise and increase of flow in the Mekong) and "business as usual" urbanization, the flooding of Can Tho could increase significantly. The worst case may occur if a sea level rise of 100 cm and the flow from upstream happen together with high-development scenarios. The relative contribution of causes of flooding are significantly different at various locations; therefore, detailed research on adaptation are necessary for future investments to be effective.

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Section: The Atmospheric Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flooding in Can Tho city, Vietnam

Huong¹,

Pathirana

2013

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

473

240

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show abstract

“…Heatwaves, heavy rain and flooding produce more harmful effects in urban areas than in rural areas. Moreover, the peculiarity of urban areas may enhance convective precipitation (Thielen et al, 2000;Shepherd et al, 2002;Collier, 2006). The enhancement of convergence and convection above large urban area (Atlanta, New York, Saint Louis, Seoul) have indeed been used by several authors to explain the enhancement of precipitation (Baik et al, 2001;Rozoff et al, 2002;Dixon and Mote, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Water vapour variability induced by urban/rural surface heterogeneities during convective conditions

Champollion

Drobinski

Haeffelin

et al. 2009

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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Scientific interest in urban meteorology has increased because highly populated areas experience high vulnerability to pollution or heavy rain. However, compared to urban air quality or urban heat island (UHI) processes, the urban water vapour cycle is poorly understood because it has been investigated less due to the lack of upper-air measurements and the high sensitivity of surface measurements to local heterogeneities. In this paper, surface measurements of wind, temperature, pressure and humidity, as well as integrated water vapour (IWV) from GPS and MODIS and numerical simulations, have been used to investigate the urban cycle of water vapour in May and June 2004 during the VAPIC field experiment in the Paris area.The surface data show the typical characteristics of an urban area with the absence of water vapour sources and a UHI of about 6 • C at night. The urban IWV distribution differs completely, with an urban IWV excess on average between 1600 and 0600 UTC (with a maximum of about 1.5 kg m −2 at 0600 and 1700 UTC). No IWV difference between the urban and rural areas is found in the middle of the day. The numerical simulations reproduce accurately the urban IWV anomaly.Shallow surface wind convergence associated with the UHI during nighttime provides moisture from the rural areas. Urban areas are therefore under wind convergence for most of the time. The rural water vapour sources and the depth of the convergence control the amplitude of the urban IWV excess. At about 1200 UTC, entrainment at the top of the urban boundary layer is the key process that inhibits the urban IWV excess observed at night.

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“…Urban-industrial complexes have changed dramatically in a relatively short period [1] and many atmospheric conditions have been modified within the urban environment including airflow [2,3] albedo and emissivity [4][5][6], humidity [7,8], precipitation [9,10], and roughness length [11,12]. Because of the varied surface conditions between urban and rural zones, urban areas worldwide have yielded warmer conditions when compared to nearby rural areas [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges Associated with Classifying Urban Meteorological Stations: The Oklahoma City Micronet Example

Schroeder¹,

Basara²,

Illston³

2010

TOASCJ

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During 2007During -2008, a dense network of meteorological stations was deployed across the Oklahoma City metropolitan area to collect real-time, research-quality observations of atmospheric variables throughout the urban environment: the Oklahoma City Micronet (OKCNET). Because surface characteristics can be vastly different between rural and urban areas as well as throughout a city, significant variability exists in the local microclimates observed by meteorological stations deployed in an urban area. As such, documenting the characteristics near any site (i.e., metadata) is critical to fully understand the overall representativeness of the site and the associated evolution of atmospheric conditions. To date, a universal classification system for urban meteorological stations does not exist. Thus, this study utilized four different methodologies to classify OKCNET sites and increase the metadata for the individual sites and the overall network. The results demonstrated that while each classification system had specific merits, significant challenges existed in establishing consistent metadata for the sites due to (a) limitations associated with the methodologies and (b) the heterogeneity of surface conditions. In particular, stations deployed within the transition zones form urban to suburban and suburban to rural posed the greatest challenges in establishing consistent metadata for the sites.

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Rainfall Modification by Major Urban Areas: Observations from Spaceborne Rain Radar on the TRMM Satellite

Cited by 448 publications

References 31 publications

Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flooding in Can Tho city, Vietnam

Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flooding in Can Tho city, Vietnam

Water vapour variability induced by urban/rural surface heterogeneities during convective conditions

Challenges Associated with Classifying Urban Meteorological Stations: The Oklahoma City Micronet Example

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